REVIEW Q&A CHAPTER 6 Flashcards

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.

A)chondrocytes and osteocytes

B)marrow and osteons

C)osteoblasts and osteoclasts

D)cartilage and compact bone

Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.

^{A)is produced by secondary ossification centers}

^{B)is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation}

^{C)takes twice as long as diaphysis ossification}

^{D)involves medullary cavity formation}

The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth.

What term describes in growth in the diameter of long bones?

A long bone forms by a process known as ________ ossification.

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

A)decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

B)increased osteoclast activity

C)inadequate calcification of bone

D)decreased osteoclast activity

Answer: A

The structural unit of spongy is called ________.

A)osteons

B)trabeculae

C)lamellar bone

D)osseous lamellae

Layers of bone matrix.

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?

^{A)compact bone}

^{B)trabecular bone}

^{C)spongy bone}

^{D)irregular bone}

Several hormones control the remodeling of bones. Which two respond to changing blood calcium levels?

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

A)The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate.

B)A bone collar forms around the cartilage model.

C)An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.

D)A medullary cavity forms.

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

A)the lengthening of hyaline cartilage

B)the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

C)growth at the epiphyseal plate

D)along the edges only of existing osteons, making each osteon larger

Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place.

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________.

A)cartilage and interstitial lamellae

B)yellow marrow and spicules

C)adipose tissue and nerve fibers

D)blood vessels and nerve fibers

Osteogenesis is the process of ________.

^{A)bone destruction to liberate calcium}

^{B)making a cartilage model of the fetal bone}

^{C)making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage}

^{D)bone formation}

The resilience of bone is primarily due to which of the following?

A)amount of mineral salts in the bone

B)amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone

C)presence of osteoblasts in the bone

D)sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

The lining of the marrow cavity.

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

^A)osteoblast

^B)osteocyte

^{C)stem cell}

^D)osteoclast

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________.

^{A)the struts of bone known as spicules}

^{B)perforating (Sharpey's) fibers}

^{C)a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage}

^{D)Volkmann's canals}

^{Answer: B}

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.

^{A)in a circular fashion}

^{B)by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis}

^{C)by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis}

^{D)from the edges inward}

^{Answer: C}

Wolff's law is concerned with ________.

^{A)the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts}

^{B)the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it}

^{C)the function of bone being dependent on shape}

^{D)vertical growth of bones being dependent on age}

Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone.

List the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.

The term diploë refers to the ________.

^{A)double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone}

^{B)two types of marrow found within most bones}

^{C)fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue}

^{D)internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones}

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

A)osteoclast

B)osteocyte

C)chondrocyte

D)osteoblast

The area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells.

What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?

A)bone

B)fascia

C)membranes

D)cartilage

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

A)metaphysis

B)epiphysis

C)articular cartilage

D)diaphysis

What is found in a Haversian canal?

Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.

Inflammation of bony tissue is called ________.

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

^A)thyroxine

^B)calcitonin

^{C)parathyroid hormone}

^D)estrogen

What is a disease of the bone in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones?

What is found in a Haversian canal?

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

A)epiphyseal line

B)epiphyseal plate

C)lacunae

D)Haversian system

Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing.

The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification.

Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes.

Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?

^{A)pineal gland}

^{B)parathyroid}

^C)thyroid

^D)spleen

A bone embedded in a tendon is called a(n) ________ bone.

The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface.

The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification.

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

A)growth hormone

B)thyroid hormone

C)parathyroid hormone

D)calcium

Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions

Abnormal bone formation and reabsorption

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

^A)prolactin

^{B)growth hormone}

^{C)thyroid hormone}

^{D)somatomedins}

A central (Haversian) canal may contain arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph vessels, and ________ fibers.

Cranial bones develop ________.

^{A)within osseous membranes}

^{B)within fibrous membranes}

^{C)from a tendon}

^{D)from cartilage models}

^{Answer: B}

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

A)elastic connective tissue

B)hyaline cartilage

C)dense fibrous connective tissue

D)fibrocartilage

Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.

Blood cell formation is called ________.

What are multinucleated cells that destroy bone called?

Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal.

The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.

Bone fragments into many pieces.

What causes osteoporosis?

^{A)poor posture}

^{B)abnormal PTH receptors}

^{C)heritage such as African or Mediterranean}

^{D)Osteoclasts out-pace osteoblasts due to low hormone production of the ovaries.}

An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children.

What is absolutely required for bone growth or healing from a fracture?

^A)osteocytes

^{B)osteoblasts}

^{C)dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D}

^{D)osteoclasts}

Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

A)storage of minerals

B)support

C)communication

D)production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)

Cells that can dissolve the bony

Cells that can build bony matrix.

The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________.

^{A)closing of the epiphyseal plate}

^{B)concentric growth}

^{C)epiphyseal plate closure}

^{D)appositional growth}

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.

^{A)the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity}

^{B)differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes}

^{C)interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates}

^{D)calcification of the matrix of the zone underlying articular cartilage}

Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________.

^{A)sodium, calcium, and vitamin E}

^{B)calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D}

^{C)potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D}

^{D)vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride}

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A)lamellar bone

B)the osteon

C)spongy bone

D)osseous matrix

Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone?

A)fossa

B)foramen

C)meatus

D)ramus

E) epicondyle

The structural unit of spongy is called ________.

A)osteons

B)trabeculae

C)lamellar bone

D)osseous lamellae

Trochanter

Facet

The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.

A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels and/or nerves is called a(n) ________.

Ischial spine

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

A)fat

B)elastic tissue

C)blood-forming cells

D)Sharpey's fibers

Ramus

Foramen

The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.

In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.

Short, irregular, and flat bones have marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.

Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.

Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.

Osteomyelitis is ________.

^{A)due to pus-forming bacteria B)literally known as "soft bones"}

^{C)caused by altered vitamin D metabolism}

^{D)partially due to insufficient dietary calcium}

The hormone that is primarily involved in the control of bone remodeling is the parathyroid hormone.

Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.

All bones stop growing by the end of adolescence.

In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.

^{Johnny fractured the lower third of his right tibia in a skiing accident. The soft tissues in the area were severely damaged and their surgical removal was necessary. After prolonged immobilization, it was found that Johnny was healing very poorly. The explanation offered by the orthopedic surgeon was that vascularization of the fracture site was still inadequate and good healing was absolutely dependent upon an adequate blood supply. Describe how a long bone receives its blood supply and trace the path of nutrient delivery to the osteocytes.}

Why are the bones of young children much more flexible than those of the elderly?

Bones appear to be lifeless structures. Does bone material renew itself?

Compare the function of the organic materials in the bone matrix with the function of the inorganic materials in the matrix.

What are the differences between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of long bones?

Describe how oxygen is carried from outside a bone to an individual osteocyte.

How is the beginning of intramembranous ossification different from endochondral ossification?

If your doctor notices a marked decrease in calcium ion levels in your blood, what gland might he suspect is not functioning properly and why?

Explain why swimming is not generally recommended as an exercise to prevent osteoporosis.

How can a tooth be moved in a bony socket during orthodontic treatment?

If your elderly patient's blood calcium level is normal, does that mean the patient does not have osteoporosis? Explain.

^{Mrs. Brown was outside on her patio cleaning windows when she fell off her step ladder and fractured her right hip. She had emergency surgery with an open reduction and internal fixation of the right hip. Three days postoperatively, she asks you if she will have trouble going through airport security. What has prompted her concern?}

When does prevention of osteoporosis start?

People who live in the north should take supplemental calcium with vitamin D. Explain why.

^{A 75-year-old woman and her 9-year-old granddaughter were victims of a train crash. In both cases, trauma to the chest was sustained. X rays of the grandmother revealed several fractured ribs, but her granddaughter had none. Explain these different findings.}

^{Emily, a 64-year-old formerly obese woman who successfully lost over 100 pounds, was brought to the hospital suffering pain in her legs, and an X-ray revealed that she had a simple fracture in her right femur and a crack in her left tibia. Other tests revealed that her bones were brittle and porous. What might have happened to Emily, and what advice would she have been given by the physician?}

^{Alice and James adopted a 3-year-old child from a developing country. They noticed that her legs were bowed and there were some deformities in her cranial and pelvic bones. They brought her to a physician for a diagnosis. What was the diagnosis, and what was the treatment for the disorder?}

^{While on spring break from college, June fell on the pavement and broke her wrist. At the emergency room, a resident placed a cast on her wrist after manipulating the bones. It seemed to heal within a few months. Now, decades later she has noticed lumps in the area where the break happened and she has been complaining of pain. What could be causing the lumps and the pain?}