Ch. 22 & Ch 23 Lymphatic System, Immunity and Respiratory System Flashcards

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic and immune system?

What is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid?

Lack of resistance is also known as?

What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white?

Which of the following is NOT considered an organ of the immune system?

The left subclavian vain receives lymph from?

The lymph from the right foot empties into the

The skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps are used in?

Which of the below produces the hormone that promotes maturation of T cells?

In the thymus, where is it speculates that T cells die?

This portion of the lymph node does NOT contain any lymphatic nodules.

Which of the following is a function of the spleen?

Which of these does NOT provide a physical or chemical barrier?

Which of these provides a non-specific cellular disease resistance mechanism?

These anti-microbial substances will diffuse to uninfected cells and reduce production of viral proteins

These are mainly used to kill infectious microbes and tumor cells

Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?

Which of the following intensifies the effect of interferons and promotes the rate of repair?

Which of the below do NOT induce vasodilation and permeability (increased fluid flow) to an infection site?

When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are known to be?

This induces production of a specific antibody?

This can only stimulate an immune response if attached to a larger carrier molecule?

Which of the following is responsible for diversity in the immune system?

This class of cells includes macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells?

This can only become activated when bound to a foreign antigen and simultaneously receiving a costimulate?

These display CD4 in their membrane and are associated with MHC class II molecules?

T cells secrete this toxin that is used to fragment DNA?

This class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk, and GI secretions?

This will lead to inflammation, enhancement of phagocytosis and bursting of microbes?

This action makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis?

This is a self-responsive cell that is inactive?

This is characterized by the inability of the immune system to protect the body from a pathogen?

An acute allergic response can lead to?

A natural exposure to an infectious agent leads to?

This class of antibodies is produced after an initial exposure to antigens?

Of the following, which is considered the body's second major defense?

Lymphocytes can recognize?

In B cell receptors, the light/heavy variables regions are located?

What is the most polymorphic molecule in the immune system?

The primary response will peak how many days after an exposure?

Which type of immunity defends against any type of invader?

This is the ability of an antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it has provoked?

This is a small hormone that can stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions?

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?

The conducting zone does NOT act to?

The nose connects with the pharynx through the

Which of the following is a passage way for air, food, and water?

The opening to the pharynx from the mouth is called?

This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea?

During swallowing, which structure rises?

These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage?

Pitch is controlled by

This is located anterior to the esophagus and carriers air to the bronchi?

This is the primary gas exchange site?

Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system?

Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs?

The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called?

Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus?

These are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant?

This is direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells?

This is the direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs?

Exhalation begins when

This means the lungs and the chest wall expand easily?

The conducting airways with the air that does NOT undergo respiratory exchange are known as the?

This is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume?

Which of the following is NOT a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on?

Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport?

When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin _______ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells ________?

Which is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

The lymphoid system is composed of all of the following, except?

The primary function of the lymphoid system is?

The lymphocytes are most important in?

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following, except that they?

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following, except

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body, except the?

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the?

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions, except the?

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

The merging of ______forms the right lymphatic duct?

In general, lymphocytes?

Lymphocytes

Lymphocyte production involves?

_______are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx?

________are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine?

Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they?

Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?

The medulla of a lymph node contains _______lymphocytes and plasma cells?

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the _______cell?

Lymph nodes range in diameter from?

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphoid nodule.

Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that?

All of the following are true of the thymus gland, except that it?

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the?

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of?

Lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs?

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as?

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the?

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following, except?

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, except?

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the?

Various types of macrophages are derived from?

Nonspecific defenses include?

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include?

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except?

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to?

Plasma contains ________ special complement proteins that form the complement system.

Inflammation produces localized?

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than?

An inflammatory response is triggered when?

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would?

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation, except?

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John?

Characteristics of specific defenses include?

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by?

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

In passive immunity, the?

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to?

Which of the following statements about MHC proteins is NOT true?

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?

Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must?

Newborns gain their immunity initially from?

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

Specific defenses depend on the activities of?

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only?

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of?

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

Suppressor T cells act to

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of these chemical weapons?

T cells and B cells can be activated only by

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of?

Helper T cells do all of the following, except?

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their?

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are?

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are?

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are?

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are?

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are?

During a primary humoral response to antigens, all of the following occur, except?

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity, except that it?

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity, except that?

The most abundant type of antibody is?

In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by?

________ is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen.

If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many protein chains would be set free?

Each IgG has ________ binding site(s) for attachment to antigenic determinants.

During a primary immune response, the?

In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person?

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in?

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are?

Destruction of antigens or cell lysis can be caused by all of the following except by?

Autoantibodies

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells.

Infection with the HIV virus occurs through?

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the?

Large airborne particles are filtered by?

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following, except the?

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of?

Which of the following systems is (are) responsible for gas exchange?

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the?

A mucosa consists of?

________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent.

The conchae?

Functions of the nasal cavity include which of the following?

The openings to the nostrils are the?

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the?

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the?

The auditory tubes open into the?

The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the?

The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the?

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the?

The nasal cavities are divided from one another by the?

________ generally causes a rapid increase in the rate of mucus production in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal mucosa?

The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the?

Which of the following is NOT true about the pharynx?

The larynx contains ________ cartilages.

The glottis is?

The vocal folds are located within the?

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the?

The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the _______cartilage.

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the _______cartilage.

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages.

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the?

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces?

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the?

The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the laryngopharynx when swallowing is the?

Contraction of the laryngeal muscles can?

During swallowing, the?

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the?

Secondary bronchi supply air to the?

What branches from the trachea?

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from?

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because?

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________.

The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________.

Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?

The following is a list of some airways.
1. secondary bronchus
2. bronchioles
3. alveolar ducts
4. primary bronchus
5. respiratory bronchiole
6. alveoli
7. terminal bronchiole
The order in which air passes through is

The interlobular septa divide the lungs into?

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are?

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of?

Collectively, the layers through which the respiratory gases diffuse are known as the?

Boyle's law states that gas volume is?

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the?

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to?

The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is?

Boyle's Law of Gases states that?

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that?

Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume?

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

Which of these descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately?

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately?

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

In quite breathing?

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's?

Alveolar ventilation refers to the?

Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will?

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

Henry's law states that?

Dalton's law states that?

The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately?

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately?

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is?

Which of the following is greatest?

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration, except the?

External respiration involves the?

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to?

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is?

Each 100mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ______mL of oxygen.

Under quite conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ______of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs.

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of?

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the?

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as?

Carbonic anhydrase?

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is?

Asthma is?

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called?

A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time you would expect to observe?

In emphysema, which of these occur?

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the _______center?

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the _______center?

The pneumotaxic center of the pons?

Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following, except?

The apneustic centers of the pons?

Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in?

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally?

The pneumotaxic center?

Pneumotaxic centers in the pons?

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is?

A 10% increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will?

Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to?

The term hypercapnia refers to?

The inflation reflex?

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, except the?

Which of these age-based changes is false?