Human Anatomy & Physiology: Human Anatomy & Physiology 12,13,14,15,16 Flashcards

each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with functions on the opposite side of the body.

some functions only occur in one hemisphere.
Right usually intuitive and creative (art & music).
Left usually logical and analytical (math & science).

Three types of functional areas:

Houses conscious mind (e.g., reasoning, emotion, memory, sensory input, language, voluntary movements).

Primary motor cortex is located in the

Voluntary control of skeletal muscle contraction

Controls repetitious or patterned motor skills

Voluntary eye movement is in the

Directs muscles of speech production.
Involved in planning speech.
Usually only on left side.

Broca’s area is located?

What are the four main motor areas of cortex?

mapping of body in CNS structures

General Pathway of Sensory Input are?

Detect stimulus and send message to brain.

Primary sensory cortex Interprets

Sensory association cortex

Integrates many inputs to make decisions.

Somatic sensation: Primary somatosensory cortex

part of cortex that stored a memory
“Feels like sandpaper

sensations on left side of body go to right hemisphere.

Primary visual cortex

Visual association cortex

Primary visual cortex

Primary visual cortex is located in

Auditory areas are Primary auditory cortex are located?

Interprets pitch, loudness, location.

if damage happens to the primary cortex you are

Auditory association cortex are

Gustatory cortex is

Gustatory cortex is located

Part of lg part of rhinencephalon.

What does the rhinencephalon do?

Olfaction has a strong connection with emotion

Visceral sensory area is on

Visceral sensory means

Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex

Multinodal Association Areas (MAAs)

There are three MAAs:

Store information in memory.
Give meaning to information and choose responses.
Relay decisions to premotor cortex

Multinodal Association Areas

Anterior association area is in the

Involved with:Intellect.Complex learning. Recall (memory),personality

lobotomy was preformed in this area

Involved with: Recognizing patterns.
Placing self in space or surroundings.
Integrating many different inputs

is important in understanding written and spoken language.

Working memory is used for abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, and planning.

Prefrontal cortex is the last area of the brain to?

teenagers have problems associated with this area the _______ because it is the last area of the brain to fully develop.

Posterior association area is

Wernicke’s area is located

Limbic Association Area are located around the?

The three areas Multinodal Association Areas are

Limbic Association Area provides

Limbic Association can

awareness of sensation, voluntary control of movement, and higher mental processing (memory, logic, judgment, etc.).

brief loss of consciousness.
Usually due to loss of blood flow or low blood pressure.

prolonged state of unconsciousness from a which a person cannot be aroused.

state of partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused

where was Corey during the September 11 attacks?

storage and retrieval of information.

Two stages: of memory

(fact) memory
Entails learning information (words, dates, etc.).
Usually remembered in context.
Example: memorizing friends’ phone numbers.

(skills) memory
Acquired through experience, often with repetition.
Hard to unlearn.
Examples: playing the piano, riding a bicycle

Cerebral White Matter

Hypnograms are?

Cerebral White Matter: connect corresponding parts of the two hemispheres.

Cerebral White Matter: connect different parts of the same hemisphere.

Cerebral White Matter: connect cerebrum to other brain structures or spinal cord.

Efferent are?

REM means

REM occurs because you?

Dreaming happens in the REM state

Islands of gray matter deep within white matter that receive input from entire cerebral cortex

Basal Nuclei is Responsible for

Parkinson disease,Huntington disease Disorders that affect the?

Substantia nigra (in midbrain} makes most of

Corpus callosum is the largest

two main projections in the cerebral tracks are

how many basil nucleus are in each hemisphere?

Functionally associated with: Subthalamic nuclei

what is the functional name for the post central gyrus?

Diencephalon: Largely gray matter that surrounds the third ventricle, in three parts what are they?

Comprises 80% of diencephalon.

Thalamus is a

Main visceral control center of body

Diencephalon make up what precent of brain mass?

Cerebrum makes up what percent of brain mass?

what are the four primary brain structures

The cerebrum or cortex is the

associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli

associated with visual processing

associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

often referred to as the "emotional brain

The limbic system,contains the

This structure is responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure

The brain stem is made of the

Diencephalon is made up of

Thalamus is the

Hypothalamus Functions its a

ANS control center.Center for emotional response.
Body temperature regulation.Regulation of food intake.
Regulation of water balance and thirst.Regulation of sleep-wake cycle. Control of endocrine system functions.with the association of the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus controls the

the connection between the endocrin and nervous system is the

most of the ANS functions originate with the

White matter tracts with gray matter nuclei that produce rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors necessary for survival

Visual and auditory reflexes

Connects motor cortex to cerebellum

Cardiac center, Vasomotor center,Respiratory center
Non-vital reflexes cough, sneeze, vomit, swallow

Some of these functions are coordinated by the hypothalamus and carried out by the medulla

...

Receives inputs from multiple sources to provide precise timing and patterns for coordinated body movements

Cerebellar peduncles connections to brainstem are?

sensory info on body position.

cortical info on desired movements.

sends movement signals to cerebral motor cortex.

on the Posterior side are where you have auditory and visual reflexs

Networks that span large areas rather than being localized in a small region.

Limbic system Parts of cerebrum and diencephalon Forms the?

Cerebellum is responsible for

peduncles do what?

Reticular formation Formed by

What on the Cerebellum is not contralateral.

Filters nearly 99% of sensory information.never makes it to consciousness
Maintains alert wakefulness of cerebral cortex.

main part of the Reticular formation is

Damage in the _____ can lead to coma

Sensory Processing Disorder can

Helps express emotion & Helps resolve mental conflicts when frustrated

damage to the Amygdala

is cause by a lack of function in the Cingulate gyrus difficulty expressing emotion & resolving frustration

stores Memory of emotional responses.
Assesses danger Elicits fear response

RAS filters too much. hit head on wall

RAS does not filter enough.seek quietness dont like to be touched

Peripheral nervous system PNS is broken down in two divisions

Three main parts of the Peripheral

Peripheral neurons
Afferent (sensory)

Sensory receptors

these carry to or away from CNS

Motor nerve endings

a change in neuron’s environment is a

the receptor will depolarize and initiate an impulse to the CNS.

receptors that detect mechanical forces (e.g., touch, movement

mechanical forces are

Mechanical forces deform the receptor, causing it to

receptors that detect muscle length (stretch).

receptors that detect fluid (blood) pressure.
.

receptors that detect touch.

How are sensory receptors classified if they are grouped based on the cue that activates the cell?

What are the three ways that sensory receptors can be classified?

What are nociceptors?

What are mechanoreceptors? What are some examples of what they detect?

receptors that detect sounds change shape

detect temperature changes.
Mostly located in skin.
Two subtypes: warm and cold.

cold Thermoreceptors

warm Thermoreceptors

detect chemicals in solution.
Subtypes include:
Olfaction – smell.
Gustation – taste.
Blood sampling – detect solute (e.g., CO2, Na+) levels

two chemicals in solution

(pain receptors) detect tissue damage or stimuli associated with a condition that could damage tissue.
Located throughout body, except for brain

detect light Found in retina of the eye.

Nociceptors are Located throughout body, except

the five classes of Stimulus receptors

decrease in sensitivity to the presence of a continuing stimulus. coins on arm or getting used to a smell

receptors do adapt to stimuli. most receptors are

receptors do not adapt to stimuli.
Includes nociceptors and most proprioreceptors.

Stimulus Location: stimulus occurs outside the body.

Stimulus Location: stimulus occurs inside the body.Visceroreceptors Proprioreceptors

Structural Complexity

general senses, single cell General senses Dendritic endings may be: Encapsulated or Unencapsulated

make up your Special senses, multiple cells organized into sensory organs.

Dendritic endings that are covered are

Unencapsulated dendritic endings and encapsulated dendritic endings are two groups within what division of sensory receptor complexity called?

Dendritic endings that are naked are

multiple cells organized into sensory organs.
Special senses.

Sensation of stimuli must be integrated into perception

– detection and conduction to CNS

processing in ascending pathways.

processing cortical centers (conscious awareness of sensation

Somatosensory organization

...

Visceral pain sensation travels along same pathways as cutaneous pain sensation Leads to

vasicules are from

Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the

The axons are bundled together into groups called

each fascicle is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the

ntire nerve is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the

conduct signals from sensory neurons to the central nervous system

...

What is a fascicle? (in terms of nerve structure)

What is an efferent only nerve? Afferent only?

What types of information are sent to the brain from proprioceptors?

What is the difference between complex and simple receptors?

has all sensory axons all going to the CNS

carries all axons away from the CNS

the vagus nerve goes to torso

has sensory and motor axons

Vagus extends into

Twelve pairs. are numbered

...

...

...

...

Dorsal = sensory goes

Ventral = motor goes

Ventral form the

...

Dermatomes are

...

C1 to C5 is the –

C4 to T1 is the

L1 to L5
is the

L4 to Co
is the

same plexus is called the

two divisions of the ANS is

fight or flight response

rest and repair

runs unconsciously

...

Somatic Nervous system always uses

Somatic Nervous system is always

Pathway consists of single neuron from CNS to effector

Thick axon is heavily myelinated.

Neurotransmitter is ACh or NE

Pathways consists of two-neuron chain from CNS to effector.

...

int the Parasympathetic Long axons are.

in the Parasympathetic Very short axons are.

...

in the Sympathetic the ____ preganglionic axons form plexuses.

in the Sympathetic the ____ postganglionic axons.

Preganglionic axon are

Parasympathetic & Sympathetic have

Postganglionic axon are

Parasympathetic division is also known as the

Sympathetic division is also known as the

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Digestion
(salivation, enzyme production, motility)

in the penis Parasympathetic causes

in the penis Sympathetic causes

Receptors are usually modified endings of single neurons.
Widespread, all over body.

Receptors are in sensory tissues or organs.Localized, confined to head.

an organism’s perception of
its world. Based on a blending of
general and special senses

Umwelt means

inner Tunics of Eye is called the

Anterior segment – aqueous humor.
Posterior segment – vitreous humor

more sensitive to light only have one pigment cannot see color

see in colors the three colors are AND less sensitive to light

refract (bend) light waves entering the eye

The ____is fixed, but the

flexible so it can adjust the degree of refraction

Myopic eye means you are

Hyperopic eye means you are

Emmetropic eye means you are

Rods contain a pigment called rhodopsin. When rhodopsin absorbs light it splits into retinal and opsin.
Opsin activates transducin (G protein).
Transducin activates phosphodiesterase (PDE).
PDE converts cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) into GMP.
Falling cGMP levels close cation channels leading to membrane hyperpolarization.
Degree of hyperpolarization is proportional to intensity of light.
Hyperpolarization stops release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter (glutamate) at synapses with bipolar cells.
No longer inhibited, the bipolar cells depolarize and release excitatory neurotransmitters on the ganglionic cells.
EPSPs in the ganglionic cells generate an action potential that travels along the optic nerve to the brain.
The brain interprets the pattern of impulses into an image

Rods contain a pigment called .

in Phototransduction what stops release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter (glutamate) at synapses with bipolar cells.

When rhodopsin absorbs ______ into retinal and opsin.

Similar to rods, but much less sensitive to light.

The pigments (photopsins or iodopsins) are formed by retina,and _____ (in red cones).

The pigments (photopsins or iodopsins) are formed by retina,and ______(in green cones).
cyanolabe (in blue cones).

The pigments (photopsins or iodopsins) are formed by retina,and ______(in green cones).
cyanolabe (in blue cones).

Detection of chemicals dissolved into solution is called

Two chemoreceptive special senses are

retinal and opsin

what is vitamin A?

retinal is important for?

steps in Phototransduction step 1

steps in Phototransduction step 2

steps in Phototransduction step 3

steps in Phototransduction step 4

steps in Phototransduction step 5

steps in Phototransduction step 6

steps in Phototransduction step 7

steps in Phototransduction step 8

steps in Phototransduction step 9

steps in Olfactory Transduction

In cones, seeing variations in color if your seeing light blue

In cones, seeing variations in color if your seeing orange or yellow

In cones, seeing variations in color if your seeing white

Olfaction (smell) the organs are

Gustation (taste)organs are

Olfactory receptor cell have

Odor molecules (odorants) bind to receptor proteins in membrane of olfactory cilia.

Receptor activates G protein.

G protein activates adenylate cyclase.

Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP.

cAMP binds to cation channel.

Influx of cations (Na+ and Ca++) depolarizes cell.

The depolarized cell transmits an impulse to a neuron in the olfactory bulb, which carries the signal to the brain

Olfactory Transduction (Smelling)Step 1

Most taste buds are associated with the ,_________ but they occur throughout the oral cavity and pharynx

the inner ear holds receptors for

taste buds are

Gustatory cell have

high level sour tastes can be

low level Sour detects

Taste Types Sour detects

Taste Types Sweet detects

sweet tastes represent

Taste Types Salty detects

Taste Types Bitter detects

Bitter is what your

Umami only reconized for the last

Umami detects

Umami means

Taste Types Umami detects

Air
Tympanic membrane
Ossicles
Perilymph (of scala vestibuli)
Basilar membrane

outer ear is called

outer edge of the Auricle is called

Ear canal is called

outer ear consist of the

Middle Ear consist of the

This bone is attached to the Tympanic membrane

vibrations are passed along the

when the stapes vibrates it pushes

Phayngotympanic tube allows

in order for the Tympanic membrane to vibrate properly

Muscle that attaches to the Malleus is called

Muscle that attaches to the stapes is called

when the Tensor tympani muscle & Stapedius muscle contract it causesthe bones to

Cochlea is the organ for

Semicircular canals are attached to the

Semicircular & Vestibule are associated with

ear infections happen

ear infections are dangerous because when fluids put pressure on the

When stereocilia bend against the tectorial membrane,

Frequency is perceived as pitch.Short wavelength =

High frequency sounds displace the _____ closer to the oval window.

Tectorial membrane is

Used to help body maintain posture and balance

what membrane slides across hair cells

are bent in direction of slide

If stereocilia bend toward kinocilium,

If stereocilia bend away from kinocilium, hair cell

Utricle are

Saccule are

Types of Equilibrium -Static

Types of Equilibrium - Dynamic

Dynamic Receptor organ is crista ampullaris, found in ampullae of semicircular canal

in static equilibrium the Receptor organ is called

the two macula found in the vestibule are

Receptor organ is crista ampullaris, found in ampullae of

deep pitch

high pitch

longer wave length

shorter wave length

Stereocilia are damaged the hair

Vision,Proprioreceptors,Vestibular apparatus
Vestibule,Semicircular canals together to get

in the Endocrine System the signals are

Endocrine System Works with nervous system to

in the Endocrine System Signals

in the Endocrine System Signals

in the Endocrine System Signals

in the Endocrine System Signals

Major Endocrine Glands that produce hormones are

Hypothalamus assoiated and connected to it is

assioated with the brain

decreases in size when you age

Endocrine glands lack

Exocrine glands usually sweat, sebaceous, salivary.

Produce chemical messengers called hormones

affect distant cells

affect same cell.

affect neighboring cells

Two structural groups of hormones are

Lipid hormones are

Amino acid based hormones are

Most hormones are regulated by

uses a positive feedback loop

Humoral Stimulus

Neural Stimulus

Hormonal Stimulus

As a whole most of the endocrine hormones are

Hypothalamus releases

TRH has a positive effect on the Anterior pituitary causing it to release

TSH has a positive effect on the Thyroid gland releases

When TH levels increase that acts as an inhibitor on the

Hormone Receptors Membranous are

Hormone Receptors Intracellular is

Hormones generally regulate

Receptor Regulation

A change in the number of cellular receptors

Up-regulation =
Usually because of insufficient hormone levels.

Receptor Regulation Down-regulation
Usually because of excessive hormone levels

Up-regulation =

With Type II diabetes mellitus, _____ This makes cells less responsive to insulin

Pituitary Gland Has two lobes

Hyposecretion in childhood

Gigantism (childhood),Acromegaly (adulthood

Small gland at posterior of diencephalon

Produces melatonin Strong antioxidant.
Production varies through day Helps regulate sleep-wake cycle