first second and third line of defense Flashcards

mechanical chemical and microbial

the skin, epithelial linings, beating actions of ciliated epithelial cells and flowing motion of the mucous , and also the flushing action of the urinary tract. also things like chewing and blinking

1.pH (skin and stomach)
2.lysozyme (tissues and lyse many bacterial cells)
3.beta lysins(in the blood, lyse bacterial cells)
4.sebaceous gland secreations(fatty acids lower pH)
5.lactic acid secreted from many skin normal flora organisms
6.lactoferrin and transferrin

both are sidophores. lactoferrin is sereted in mothers milk and transferrin is located in the blood

binds iron to make less available

our normal flora serves as part of defense due to the fact that competition for nutrients, space and other things creates harsh enviornment (microbial interference)

internal and non-specific, involves the immune system (all 3 do really) things like
1. inflammation
2. phagocytosis
3. fever
4. interferon
5. complement

it is an animals reaction to injury and/or infection and is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. it occurs due to an increase in blood flow to the area- blood fluids move from vascular system directly into injured/ infected tissue, blood cells (wbc) move into the area, fibrin clot forms to trap microoganisms

certain wbc engulf foreign particles invading the body. it is a type o endocytosis where cytoplasmic extension form around the particles to be engulfed forming a vesicle. the lysisome is a digestive sac

it forms a phagolysosome so the particles can then be processed, also can destroy by oxidative burst mechanism

neutrophiles, macrophage, and eosinophiles

an abnormal increase in body temperature

usually infection or tissue injury and external agents

pyrogenic agents

agents that induce fever and they are called exogenous pyrogens

released by certain wbc during phagocytosis

to accelerate the immune response and raise the temp above optimal growth for pathogens

1. interferon
2. complement

1. formed components
2. soluble components

cells (rbc and wbc) and platelets

antibodies, clotting factors, complement, albumin

in bone marrow

lack a nucleus, carry oxygen, and are not immine cells

erythrocyes

small cell like, lack nuclei, prevent leakage

they have a granular appearance because of the large amount of lysosomes

a phagocytic granulocyte that leaves blood and enters other tissues.

a non-phagocytic granulocyte that is involved in inflammatory and allergic responses; precursors of mast cell

heparin, histamine, serotonin and things like that

a phagocytic granulocyte that can leave blood and enter other tissues (minor role) and involved in allergic response and in helmith infection

they lack granular appearance because of fewer lysosomes

a non-phagocytic and involved in immune response

in the thymus

they regulate immune response, and interact specifically with antigens and thee are several different types

bone marrow

produce antibodies and interact specifically with antigens

precursors of macrophage which are highly phagocytic some are fixed in certain tissues (fixed macrophae) and some move from the blood to the other tissues (wandering macrophage)

determines between self and non-self when immune system can't many problems arise. they label things to tell other cells to do it . they act as survalence

to deliver all liquids of blood stream back into the blood stream

an antigen presenting cells, bursting

n/a

internal and specific

soluble proteins produced in the blood, produced by cells in response to antigens.

immunoglobin

antibodies to bind to the antigens to activate antibody production

1. four polypeptide chains
2. variable region
3. constant region

held together by disulfide bridges, two light chains and two heavy chains

portion of light and heavy chains where antigen binds, specifically for every Ab therefore vairies in different Ab, each Ab molecule has two Ag binding sites(amino acid sequence is unique because ot contains antigen binding site)

portion of light and heavy chains that is the same for all Ab of the same type (class)(sequence of amino acids is the same

1.IgG -gamma globulin and can cross placenta
2.IgM- 5 antibodies linked
3.IgA- paired or single
4.IgE- exelon
5.IgD- delta function unclear

IgG (gamma)

IgM (mu)

IgA (alpha)

IgE (exelon)

false- the levels decrease over time however b cells produce them do remain and will quickly produce antibodies on a second exposure to an Ag

1. secondary immune response
2. primary immune response

substance that reacts with Ab or Ag-specific receptors on T cells and they cause a immune response

~ hapten las lower molecular weight, Ab will combne wiwht a Hapten ut Haptens do no by themselves induce Ab formaton and are often part of an antigen
~ a complete antigen will iduce Ab formation, Immunogen

because of their diverse structure

sugars, amino acids etc.

proteins, lipoprotiens, polysaccharides, some nucleic acids, teichoic acids

portions of the antigen that Ab or T cell receptors are directed at

haptens are usually epitopes and antigens have several

secondary Ag-Ab complexes, primary Ag-Ab complexes are smaler and are not lattices

called lattices, and is a large complex made of a lattuce of Ab and Ag connected together

because an A molecule has two Ag binding sites and many Ag have more than one epitope

Neutralization, precipitation, and agglutination

neutralizes toxins and viruses by Ab binding to toxins and the active of the toxin being blocked (called antitoxins)

soluble Ag is removed from solution as a result of the Ag-Ab lattice that form and a precipitate results (called precipitins)and occurs on the laboratory

Ag is a whole cell or particle and the Ag-Ab complexes clump together forming aggregates (called Agglutinins)

Hemagglutinaton - ag are rbc, serves as the asis behind blood typing becaue Ab are against different surface Ag on rbc

1. testing drugs in urine (agglutination)
2. blood typing (agglutination)
3. pregnancy test(agglutination)
4. ELISA
5. immunofluorescence
6. radioimmunoassays
7.test for exposure to certain pathogens

enzymes linked to immunosorbent assay, Ab are linked with enzymes. acolor change (reaction) will occcur of you add a secific substrate and it allowas you to visualize the results of ag-Ab complexes that would otherwise be too small of difficult to visualize

Ab are linked with a flurescent tag so we can visualize the reaction

Ab is linked with a radioscope, deeloped on x-ray film to visualize

a group of protiens

in blood serum

group of many protiens that interact with one another, exist in inactive forms and must be activated, they bring abut or complement the immune response . not antibodies

1. lysis of Ab coated cells
2. mediate inflammatory response
3. opsonins- stimulate phagocytic cells (also involved in apoptosis)

1. Ab binds to Ag
2. recognition of Ag-Ab complex t one complement component (protein)occurs and that component becomes active
3. complement proteins each stimulate the activation of thee next complement

MAC (memory attack complex)

a type of allergic reaction

they trigger an extreme hypersensitivity , hypersensitivity=allergy, an allergy is an extreme immune response

components of complement cascade

when a complement binds to an Ag-Ab complex it is fixed or used up and is no longer available. can use to detect Ab eqpecially in low concentrations (remember example)very sensetive

if sheep rbc lyse: + for Ab
if sheep rbc do notlyse: - for Ab

protection that involves antibodies produced in response to antigens. most effective for bacterial toxins, bacteria and viruses prior to entering cells

protection involves t-cells produced in response to antigens and is more effective than humoral wen antigen is inside host cell

immunity you are born with. typically involves 1st and 2nd response. (also born with the ability to acquire immunity)

obtained througout lifetime in other way than heredity due to exposure

individual produces Ab against the Ag

- naturally acuqired active immunity- contact wih Ag by normal activities or exposure
- artifically acquired active immunity- vaccine

take toxin,disarm it but keep enough so that your immune system recognizes it as the same thing so it can build up a resistance

-killed irulent cells or virus
-living attenuated (weakened) cells or virus (whole cells)
- cell or viral component- a cellular and better than living attenuated
-toxoids- inactive bacterial toxins

individual does not produce Ab so they are passively recieved

- naturally acuqired active immunity- transfer of Ab from one individual to another , Ab across placenta or in milk secretions
- artifically acquired active immunity- produced Ab( in another animal or by laboratory methods) introduced into individual short lived response ,but immdiate.

because individual does not produce it so their is no memory cell to reproduce it after use