Chemistry comes alive Study guide Flashcards

^{An organic compound is analyzed, and it has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. This compound is most likely}

^{molecule with the formula C5H10O5 is a(n)}

1. ^{bonds are characterized by the sharing of electrons between the participating atoms.}

^{are not involved directly in the linkage between amino acids.}

^{Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the}

^{Organic molecules contain particular elements. Based on what you know of organic chemistry, find the mismatched pair.}

^{that dominate the structure of triglycerides are the basis for the efficient and compact energy storage by fat.}

^{The single most abundant protein in the body is}

^{An electron is a(n)}

^{The function of microRNA (miRNA) is to}

^{Simple sugars are also known as...}

^{which ranges from 0 to 14, is a logarithmic scale based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.}

^{Organic chemistry is the chemistry of a.}

^{The sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes the __________ structure of the protein.}

^{Atomic number is determined by the number of ___ in each atom.}

^{DNA and RNA are nucleic acids}

^{An atom or a group of atoms possessing a positive or negative electrical charge is called?}

^{Prostaglandins are}

^{are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides.}

• ^{14Carbon has an atomic number of 6, but has 8 neutrons. How many electrons are present in each atom?}

^{The space between the pleurae of the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column is
the}

^{A pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base are found in a(n)}

^{All isotopes of a particular element possess}

^{Which of the following is a condensation (dehydration synthesis) reaction?}

^{Which of the following types of energy moves in waves?}

^{Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the}

^{Which protein types are vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances?}

1. ^{Electrically charged particle due to loss of an electron.}
2. ^{Neutral subatomic particle.}
3. ^{Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties.}
4. ^{Smallest particle of a compound that still retains its properties}

Detoxification of certain potentially poisonous molecules occurs in the

^{This organelle is the command and control center of the cell}

• ^{Molecular chaperones aid in the desired folding of}
• ^{are formed from amino acid building blocks}
• ^{Amino acids are the building blocks or monomers for}
• ^{Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body?}
• ^{all enzymes that have been identified are}
• ^{The basic structural material of the body consists of}

1. ^{Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?}

^{The difference between a colloid and a suspension is}

1. ^{The mitochondria are organelles that}
2. ^{Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?}

^{Identify the mismatched pair}

^{Proteins that are secreted outside the cell in the process of exocytosis are released by}

^{Cilia and flagella are specialized structures used}

1. ^{Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?}
2. ^{The linkage between amino acids is a type of .}

^{Why are ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?}

^{Which of the following is an example of a suspension?}

^{Enzymes are important as}

^{What is activation energy?}

^Enzymes?

^{The reactants in an enzyme catalyzed reaction are called?}

^{The information about the synthesis of enzymes comes from}

^{Lungs, heart, or brain are examples of}

^{Circulatory, respiratory, or digestive are examples of}

^{Diffusion is the process by which a substances moves from an area of}

^{A diffusion equilibrium is reached when}

^{Osmosis is a special case of}

^{The net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is always}

^{The direction of osmosis is determined by the}

^{is the process by which the undigested contents of food vacuoles are removed from the cell.}

^{A cell placed in a beaker of sea water will}

^{When a neuron is stimulated and Na+ ions move through an open Na+ channel, the process is}

^{A hypothetical “microbullet” shot through a phospholipid bilayer would pass the components in which order?}

^{Identify the mismatched pair:}

^{Which of the following statements is true about a solution with a pH of 9, one with a pH of 2 and one with a pH of 7?}

^{The relationship between mass and volume could best be described as}

^{An atom whose atomic number is 10 has how many electrons in its outermost energy level?}

^{Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in their}

^{Which of the following are found in the nucleus of an atom?}

^{An element with 22 protons, 22 neutrons, and 22 electrons would have an atomic number of}

^{Which of the following results from the making of a bond?}

^{For an atom to be considered an ion}

^{An atom becomes an ion when}

^{Hydrogen bonds are very important in the functional shape of}

^{The symbol 3CO2 represents}

^{In a bottle of water, hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydrogen of 1 atom and}

^{Which of the following is not a compound?}

^{Atoms form bonds to}

^{Water is a polar molecule because}

^{Potassium has one electron in its fourth shell, and chloride has seven electrons in its third shell. Which of the following is most likely to be true?}

^{You mix sugar in water and stir until it’s completely dissolved. In this system, the water is the ______, the sugar is the______ and the end result is a _______.}

^{Each element has a unique_________, which refers to the number of protons present in its atoms.}

^{A molecule is ________.}

^{If lithium has an atomic number of 3, and an atomic mass of 7, it has________ neutron(s) in its nucleus.}

^{Substances that are nonpolar and repelled by water are ________.}

^{A hydrogen bond is _________.}

^{An ionic bond is one in which ________.}

^{A covalent is one in which?}

^Lipids ______.

^{is energy directly involved in moving matter.}

^{DNA _______.}

^{The building blocks of RNA and DNA are}

^{A nonpolar covalent bond implies that ________.}

A solution with a pH of 11 is ______ times as basic as one with.

^{Carbon is part of so many different substances because _______}

^{A solution with a pH of 4 has_________.}

^{Hydrolysis could be correctly described as the ________}

^{Genetic instructions are encoded in the base sequence of________; molecules of _________ function in processes using genetic instructions to construct proteins}

^{Membranes consist of ___________.}

^{The nucleolus is the site where}

^{Which of the following forms of energy travels in varying wavelengths, such as visible light, infrared waves, radio waves, ultraviolet waves, and X-rays?}

1. ^{refers to radiant light and heat from the sun.}

^{The _________ is free of ribosomes and curves through the cytoplasm like connecting pipes; the main site of lipid synthesis.}

^{Mitochondria convert energy stored in ______ to forms that the cell can use, principally ATP.}

^{______are sacs of enzymes. They digest or break down worn out organelles so that the material can be recycled and reused by the cell.}

^{Two classes of cytoskeletal elements underlie nearly all movements of eukaryotic cells; they are __________}

^{White blood cells use________ to devour disease agents invading your body.}

^{In a lipid bilayer, tails point inward and form a(n) _______ region that excludes water}.

^{Which of the following is not a form of active transport?}

^{Which of the following is not a form of passive transport?}

^{O2, CO2, H2O, and other small, electrically neutral molecules move across the cell membrane by________.}

^{_{Ions such as H+, Na+, K+, and Ca++ move across cell membranes against its concentration gradient by_________.}}

^{An enzyme is best described as _________.}

^{Which is not true of enzyme behavior?}

• ^{When NAD+ combines with hydrogen, the NAD+ is __________.}
• ^{A substance that gains electrons is ________.}

^{As to major function, NAD+, FAD, and NADP+ are classified as _________.}

^{When a phosphate bond is linked to ADP it then makes ATP, this bond __________.}

^{Glycolysis would quickly halt if the process ran out of _________, which serves as the hydrogen and electron acceptor}.

^{The ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is _________.}

^{When glucose is used as an energy source, the largest amount of ATP is generated by the ________ portion of the entire respiratory process.}

^{What is the name of the process by which reduced NADH transfers electrons along a chain of acceptors to oxygen so as to form water and in which the energy released along the way is used to generate ATP?}

^{Pyruvic acid can be regarded as the end product of _________.}

^{ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) production by chemiosmosis involves __________.}

^{During the fermentation pathways, a net yield of two ATP is produced from __________; the NAD+ necessary for _________ is regenerated during the fermentation reactions.}

^{The replication of DNA occurs}

^{is o carry out the genetic instruction (provided by DNA) for protein synthesis}

^{Diploid refers to ______.}

^{Somatic cells are __________ cells; germ cells are _________ cells.}

^{If a parent cell has sixteen chromosomes and undergoes mitosis, the resulting cells will have__________ chromosomes.}

^{The correct order of the stages of mitosis is.}

^{The nuclear envelope breaks completely into numerous tine, flattened vesicles. Now the chromosomes are free to interact with microtubules that are extending toward them, from the poles of the forming spindle.” These sentences describe the __________ of mitosis.}

^{During ______, sisters chromatids of each chromosome are separated from each other, and those former partners, now chromosomes move to opposite poles.}

^{In the process of cytokinesis, cleavage furrows are associated with _______ cell division, and cell plate formation is associated with ______ cell division.}

^{Each DNA strand has a backbone that consists of alternating ________.}

^{In DNA, complementary base-pairing occurs between.}

^{The chemical symbol O:O means.}

^{Adenine and guanine are _________.}

1. ^{in which electrons are shared unequally is termed a polar covalent bond.}

^{Transcription _________.}

^{________ carry(ies) amino acids to ribosomes, where amino acids are linked into the primary structure of a polypeptide}.

1. ^{The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is the}

^{Transfer RNA differs from other types of RNA because it ___.}

1. ^{The important cholesterol-based molecules are}

^{______ and ______ are found in RNA but not in DNA.}

^{You notice that you cannot read your book through a test tube of patient fluid held against the print, making it so blurred as to be unreadable. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days in a rack. What type of liquid is this?}

^{are built from nucleotide building blocks.}

^{are two of the three major types of lipids.}

1. ^{are built from monosaccharide building blocks.}

1. ^{The genetic information is coded in DNA by the.}
2. ^{is atomic number 6 and has four electrons in its outermost (valence) electron shell.}

^{Which of the following is not true of proteins?}

1. ^{TRUE regarding the pH of a solution?}

^{contains a carboxyl group (-COOH), which may ionize to form an acidic solution.}

1. ^{Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?}
2. ^{Buffers tend to prevent dramatic changes in the pH when __________ are added to a solution.}

1. ^{If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?}
2. ^{Select the correct statement about isotopes.}
3. ^{The chemical symbol O=O means}

1. ^{Which of the following is a property of matter?}
2. ^{is determined by the total number of protons and neutrons}

^{Which of the following is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?}

^{are necessary for salivary amylase to hydrolyze starch to glucose in your mouth. Thus, water acts as an important reactant.}

1. ^{Which of the following is NOT considered a form of matter?}

^{Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the}

^{What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix}

^{In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following}?

^{Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?}

^{Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?}

^{Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except?}

^{Which statement about enzymes is false?}

^{which are capable of conducting an electrical current?}

^{is a reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.}

^{Which of the following does NOT represent an accurate hierarchy in the natural combination of matter?}

^{In order for the DNA molecule to get "short and fat" to become a chromosome, it must first wrap around small molecules called}

1. ^{Sugars contain all & EXCEPT}

.

1. ^{Some hormones enter cells via}
2. ^{Sucrose is a}

^{Which of the following is true regarding the generation of a membrane potential?}

^{Transcytosis is?}

1. ^{The drug Procaine (also known as Novocaine) blocks sodium (Na+) channels in plasma membranes. Given this information, which one of the following statements is most likely true about a cell bathed in a solution that contains Procaine?}

1. ^{Why are free radicals so dangerous to cells, and how are they dealt with by the body?}

1. ^{Which of the following is not an electrolyte?}
2. ^HCO3-.