Research on nutrition in middle childhood indicates that
malnutrition that persists from infancy or early childhood into the school years usually leads to permanent physical and mental damage.
Which of the following is supported by research on unintentional injuries in middle childhood?
Use of protective helmets leads to an 85 percent reduction in risk of head injury.
Research confirms that _________ plays a large role in accounting for boys' gross-motor superiority.
the social environment
One valid criticism of adult-organized youth sports is that
they overemphasize competition and substitute children's natural experimentation with rules and strategies.
Attention-Deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
is usually a lifelong disorder
Children who acquire effective self regulatory skills develop a sense of
academic self efficiency
In Sternberg's triarchic theory, intelligent behavior involves balancing __________ intelligences.
Analytical, Creative, and Practical
Many studies have shown
combining phonics with whole language is the best approach for teaching beginning reading.
Mrs. Ritchie wants to foster her students' emotional intelligence. Her lesson plans should use active learning techniques that provide skill practice in __________ and __________.
respect and caring for other; resistance to unfavorable peer pressure
Research shows that children who engage in as little as 21 minutes of independent reading per day
are exposed to nearly 2 million words per year
Research on bilingual education shows that
a strategy that promotes children's native-language skills while they learn English is most effective for non-English-speaking minority children.
Studies show that educational self-fulfilling prophecies are especially strong
when teachers emphasize competition and publicly compare children.
According to Erikson, a sense of __________ can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children's self-confidence with negative responses.
inferiority
As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in
feedback from close friends.
Compared to his Caucasian-American age mates, Leonard, an African-American fourth grader, is more likely to have
higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride.
Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make __________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________.
mastery-oriented; ability
Teachers who are __________ and emphasize __________ tend to have mastery-oriented students.
helpful; learning over getting good grades
Which of the following statements about emotional self-regulation in middle childhood is true?
By age 10, most children shift adaptively between problem-centered and emotion-centered coping
Principal Allen wants to reduce prejudice at his middle school. Which of the following interventions should he use?
assign children to cooperative learning groups with peers of diverse backgrounds
__________ children are at the highest risk for poor school performance, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior in adolescence and delinquency with criminality in early adulthood.
Rejected
Research has shown that parents promote gender stereotypes by
behaving in a more mastery-oriented fashion with sons than with daughters.
Despite the concerns of middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n) __________ style in the early years.
authoritative
A study conducted showed that fifth and sixth graders describe __________ as the most influential people in their lives.
parents
The overriding factor in positive adjustment following divorce is
shielding the child from family conflict and using authoritative child rearing.
Research on child sexual abuse indicates that
the abuser is typically a parent or someone the parent knows well.
Most researchers today believe that adolescent development is
influenced by biological, psychological, and social forces.
During puberty, neurons become more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters. As a result, adolescents
react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely.
Sleep-deprived adolecents
are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression.
Which of the following statements about sex differences in adolescents' reactions to pubertal changes is true?
A few girls tell a friend that they are menstruating, but more boys tell a friend about spermarche.
Which of the following statements about adolescent moodiness is true?
Younger adolescents' mood swings are strongly related to situational changes
__________ is a modern substitute for the actual physical departure
of young people from the family group
that takes place in
industrialized nations.
Psychological distancing
Randy is viewed by both adults and peers as relaxed, independent, and
self-confident. Maria is viewed by
both groups as physically
attractive, lively, and sociable. Which of the following is likely to
be true?
. Randy is an early-maturing boy, and Maria is a late-maturing girl.
Which of the following statements about individuals with bulimia nervosa is true?
They usually feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits and desperately want help.
Research shows that many adolescents do not use contraception during sexual activity because they
fail to apply their reasoning skills to everyday situations.
Which of the following three-phase sequences do many homosexual
adolescents and adults move through in
coming out to themselves
and others?
feeling different, confusion, and self-acceptance
Studies show that most adolescents are aware of basic facts about AIDS but
are poorly informed about how to protect themselves against other STDs.
In Canada and Western Europe, where community- and school-based
clinics offer adolescents contraceptives
and where universal
health insurance helps pay for them, __________ than in the United States.
pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are much lower
Adolescent drug experimentation
should not be taken lightly because a single heavy dose can lead to permanent injury or death.
The imaginary audience is adolescents' belief that they are
the focus of everyone else's attention and concern.
Compared with adults making decisions, teenagers
less often fall back on intuitive judgments
Which of the following statements about school transitions is true?
For well-adjusted youths, grade point averages tend to increase with the high school transition.
Which of the following statements about part-time work during high school is true?
The more hours students work, the more likely they are to drop out of school.
Which of the following factors is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?
authoritative parenting
Which of the following statements about identity development is true?
The majority of young people change from moratorium to foreclosure or diffusion in young adulthood.
Adolescents who __________ tend to be in a state of moratorium or identity achievement.
feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions
Which of the following is a strategy for helping minority adolescents
resolve identity conflicts
constructively?
respecting native languages and unique learning styles in school
At Kohlberg's Stage 5 of moral development, individuals
regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes.
According to Kohlberg, mature moral thinkers
realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for creating and maintaining a just social world.
Religious involvement
promotes responsible academic and social behavior.
Mild family conflict
is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents.
Early dating
is related to drug use, delinquency, and poor academic achievement.
The most common psychological problem of adolescence is
depression.
Which of the following statements about adolescent suicide is true?
Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths are at a high risk for suicide
Which of the following statements about factors related to juvenile delinquency is true?
Girls who experience parental divorce and separation are more likely
to engage in antisocial behavior
than boys who experience
parental divorce and separation.
During the twenties and thirties, changes in physical appearance and declines in body functioning are
so gradual that most are hardly noticeable.
When an adult suffers from atherosclerosis, it typically develops
early in life and progresses during middle adulthood.
In the United States,
many people show large weight gains between the ages of 25 and 40.
__________ is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations.
Cigarette smoking
Which of the following statements about the sex lives of American adults is true?
Most married adults say they are only somewhat happy with their sex lives
The overall rate of STDs is higher among women than men because
it is at least twice as easy for a man to infect a woman with any STD than for a woman to infect a man.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about risk and resilience in emerging adulthood?
Emerging adults are susceptible to many risks due to their poor
decision making and uncertainty about
the future.
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love,
intimacy, passion, and commitment shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop.
Sal and Sadie have been married for 40 years. When asked to compare
their current relationship to when they
were newlyweds, they are
most likely to say that
their marriage has more passionate love now than earlier.
Gloria's marriage was riddled with jealousy, emotional highs and
lows, and desperation about whether her
husband returned her
affection. Though she offered support to her husband, Gloria did so in
ways that poorly
fit his needs. She was also quick to express
fear and anger. Based on this information, it is likely that
Gloria
has a(n) __________ attachment history
avoidant
Which of the following statements about other-sex friendships is true?
When a solid other-sex friendship evolves into a romance, it may be
more stable and enduring than a
romantic relationship formed
without a foundation in friendship.
Emma left home to attend college and lived on her own until she got
married. As her own children grew up
and left home, her parenting
responsibilities declined. She eventually retired and her husband
died. This
series of phases that Emma has experienced is referred
to as the
social clock.
__________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability.
Age of marriage
Postponing childbearing until the late twenties or thirties
. eases the transition to parenthood.
Parents of __________ often report a dip in marital and life satisfaction.
adolescents
A recent study of same-sex couples found that same-sex civil unions
were __________ heterosexual
marriages.
less likely to dissolve than
Jenelle, a divorced mother with two children, is marrying William, a
divorced father with three children.
Which of the following
statements is probably true
It will take three to five years for Jenelle and William's blended
family to develop the connectedness
and comfort of intact
biological families
Research findings indicate that
gay and lesbian parents are as committed to and effective as heterosexual parents.
During midlife, most adults begin to
experience life-threatening health episodes—if not in themselves, then in their partners and friends.
Jeanine is 55. According to her doctor, Jeanine's reproductive
capacity has ended. She has reached the midlife
reproductive
transition called
the climacteric
Episodes of impotence
are a sign of serious sexual dysfunction
Among the middle-aged adults who rate their health unfavorably
men are more likely than women to suffer from fatal illnesses
The leading causes of death in middle age are __________ and __________.
cancer; cardiovascular disease
Symptoms of heart disease in women tend to
get overlooked by doctors.
Which of the following statements about the Type A behavior pattern is true?
Current evidence pinpoints hostility as a toxic ingredient of Type A in both men and women.
Individuals who are repeatedly enraged are more likely to be
depressed.
Suzanne viewed life as fluid. She expected change and accepted it as
inevitable. When Suzanne was faced
with a problem, she identified
it and decided what to do about it. Suzanne used a(n) __________ coping
strategy.
problem-centered
Erikson's psychological conflict of midlife is called __________ versus __________.
generatively; stagnation
Quentin went to college with the goal of becoming a social worker.
Instead, he gave in to pressure from his
new spouse and changed
his major to business. When looking back at age 50, Quentin wished he
had pursued
his original dream of becoming a social worker.
Quentin is experiencing
life regrets .
__________ is common in middle adulthood.
Midlife crisis
Gilles, age 50, tells his brother, "I'd like to maintain my
physical health and work on getting emotionally
stronger. I want
to be a good friend and a role model to my nephews and nieces. I don't
want to be that guy
who never comes to family get-togethers
because he is too busy working. I want to be successful in
my
career, but not at the expense of my family. Of course, I want
to find my own special partner, but if I don't, I
know I'll
always have you and the kids." Gilles is discussing his
possible selves
Cindy, age 48, cares for her two teenage sons and her ailing
mother-in-law. Along with her mother, she is one
of a handful of
caregivers for her elderly grandmother. Cindy belongs to the
__________ generation.
kinkeeper
Older adults who __________ adapt more favorably and feel better about it.
see aging as inevitable and uncontrollable
Sedentary healthy older adults up to age 80 who begin endurance training
should focus on non-weight-bearing activities.
Mr. Martin reached the last years of his life feeling whole,
complete, and satisfied with his achievements. He
realized that
the paths he followed, abandoned, and never selected were necessary
for fashioning a
meaningful life course. Mr. Martin has achieved
sense of disengagement
Being deeply religious
seems to have little effect—positive or negative—on mental and
physical health during the last year of
life.
One reason social withdrawal is so common in nursing home settings is that
older adults prefer to be alone over being in the company of residents.
__________ are the most frequently reported types of elder abuse.
. Physical neglect, sexual abuse, and financial abuse
Which of the following is an essential ingredient of a "good death"?
offering the dying person care, affection, companionship, and esteem
Which of the following statements about enhancing children's understanding of the death concept is true?
Discussing death candidly with children fuels their fears
Kübler-Ross recommends that family members and health professionals
not prolong denial by distorting the truth about the person's condition
Palliative care involves
care aimed at relieving pain and other symptoms.
Which of the following statements about advance medical directives is true?
A living will is more flexible than a durable power of attorney for health care.
People respond to __________ with __________.
grief; bereavement
Which of the following statements about the dual-process model of coping with loss is true?
Effective coping requires people to oscillate between dealing with
the emotional consequences of loss
and attending to life changes
Marion was forbidden by his gay partner's family to attend his
partner's funeral or burial service. Marion is at
risk for
disenfranchised grief.
Death education at all levels
strives to prepare students to be informed consumers of medical and funeral services.