Human Anatomy & Physiology: exam 4 study guide Flashcards

Describe the functional relationship between volume changes and gas flow into and out of the lungs.(Part 1)essay

Describe the functional relationship between volume changes and gas flow into and out of the lungs.(Part 2)essay

Describe the functional relationship between volume changes and gas flow into and out of the lungs.(Part 3)essay

Identify the cause of common digestive system dysfunctions

___________________is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb?

The digestive system consists of the ___________canal extending from the mouth to the ______, plus accessory ______ that empty into the alimentary canal

Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract)

Accessory digestive organs

ALIMENTARY CANAL

ACCESSORY ORGANS

ALIMENTARY CANAL:

STEP 1

ALIMENTARY CANAL

STEP 2

ALIMENTARY CANAL

STEP 3

Digestive Processes

WHAT ARE Six essential activities?

WHAT ARE THE General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal?

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

________________ is a double layer of peritoneum
Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

Holds organs in place and stores fat

___________________ lie posterior to the peritoneum
___________________ are surrounded by the peritoneum.

Branches of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system extensively innervate the alimentary canal, including:

____________ – controls secretions
____________ – controls gastrointestinal motility

_____________ – increase activities of digestive system
______________– inhibit certain digestive actions

THE ______Ingests food: Mechanically breaks up solid particles using saliva

Prepares food for chemical digestion ( Mastication)

___________ is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed

_______________ forms the roof of the oral cavity and consists of a hard anterior part and a soft posterior part

Hardest structures in the body
There are ____ primary (deciduous)
There are _____secondary (permanent)

The different salivary glands have varying proportions of two types of secretory cells

___________produce a watery fluid with a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase
___________ secrete mucous

__________
Secrete clear watery, serous fluid.
Rich in salivary amylase (CONVERTS STARCH AND GLYCOGEN= SIMPLE SUGARS )
______________
Secrete primarily serous fluid and some mucus.
______________
Secrete primarily mucus.

_____________is a cavity posterior to the mouth from which the tubular esophagus leads to the stomach.
Both the _____________ and esophagus muscular walls function in swallowing.

The pharynx can be divided into 3 parts?

What is the Flat muscular tube from laryngopharynx to stomach, Pierces diaphragm at esophageal hiatus
and Joins stomach at the cardiac orifice ?

_________ is a J-shaped, pouch-like organ, about 25-30 centimeters long.It hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity, has three layers of smooth muscle:

An inner circular layer
An outer longitudinal layer
A further inner layer of oblique fibers.

The mucous membrane of the ______ has tubular gastric glands that secrete.

________ IS From the chief cells
Inactive form of pepsin

___________IS From pepsinogen in the presence of hydrochloric acid Is a protein splitting enzyme

______ IS From the parietal cells
Needed to convert pepsinogen to pepsin

_________From the goblet cells and the mucous glands Protective to stomach wall

______________From the parietal cells Is required for vitamin B12 absorption

______________ (air enters) → nasal cavity → ______________ (both air and food move through) → trachea → ______________ (large tubes leading to both lungs) → lungs.

______________ pleura; covers the surface of the lung ______________ pleura; lines the thoracic wall

The space in between is called the ______________ cavity and it is filled with ______________ fluid.

This fluid assists breathing movements by acting as a/an ______________.

Air flows from the trachea through the ______________, ______________, and ______________ bronchi to smaller and smaller bronchi. The trachea and bronchi contain ______________ to keep the airways open. Bronchi branch into ______________, which do not contain ______________ but do contain more ______________ muscle. This allows for regulation of air flow.

Airways from the nasal cavity through the terminal bronchioles are called the ______________ zone.

The function of this zone is to ______________ and ______________ the air.

Is there gas exchange in this zone? _______

The respiratory zone contains ______________ where gas is exchanged. This zone consists of the ______________ bronchioles, ______________ ducts, and ______________ sacs.

_________ From the goblet cells and the mucous glands: Protective to stomach wall

_______________ From the parietal cells. Is required for vitamin B12 absorption

1. Parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fiber (in vagus nerve)
2. Parasympathetic postganglionic impulses stimulate the release of gastric juice from gastric glands
3. Impulses stimulate the release of gastric
4. Gastrin stimulates gastric glands to release more gastric juice

O2 inhaled from environment and travels to alveoli of lungs. O2 is loaded by simple diffusion into the pulmonary capillaries and binds to hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin. CO2 is chemically released from the bicarbonate ion and unloaded by simple diffusion from the capillary to the alveoli to be exhaled.

O2 travels in blood to capillary bed and is released from hemoglobin unloaded by simple diffusion from the blood to the tissue. CO2 is loaded by simple diffusion into the blood from the tissue and carried in the blood as a bicarbonate ion back to the lungs.

__________________ begin breaking down proteins, but the stomach is not well-adapted to absorb digestive products.

Some water

Certain salts

Certain lipid-soluble drugs

Alcohol

ALIMENTARY CANAL HAS WHAT TWO MAJOR FUNCTIONS?

MECHANICAL BREAKDOWN DUE TO CHEWING (MASTICATION) AND SALIVA

ENZYMES

DIGEST OF CARBS BC OF SALIVA

PAROTID - SEROUS FLUID (DIG. ENZYME AMYLAZE)

SUBMANDILAR - SEROUS / MUCUS

SUBLINGUAL - MUCUS

COMMON HALLWAY

MOVES FOOD THROUGH STOMACH

BILE- EMULSYFY FAT

WORKS WITH GALLBLADDER

STORAGE COMPARTMENT (FAT)

LARGEST INTERNAL ORGAN- CROWN UPPER RIGHT QUAD .

PRODUCES GYLCOGEN-->>GLUCOSE

CONVERTS NON CARBS

SYNTHESIZES

FORMS UREA

BREAKS DOWN RBC

REMOVES ALCOHOL

CONVERTS AMINO ACIDS

Phagocytosis of worn out RBCs and foreign substances

Removes toxins such as alcohol and certain drugs from the blood

WASHER(CHURNING )

HC ACIDS

BREAKDOWN PROTIEN/ DIGESTION (FUNCTION)

J SHAPED POUCH

25-30 CM. @ UPPER LEFT QUADRANT

MIX AND BREAKDOWN

NUTRITION ABSORBTION

WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF ALIMENTARY CANAL?

WHAT ARE THE "INTRINSIC NERVE PLEXUSES ?

FINGER LIKE PROJECTION

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: ACCESSORY ARE

DIGESTIONAL GLANDS

FOOD

__________ GOBLET ------>>> MUCOUS GLANDS (PROTECT STOMACH WALLS)

TOP OF STOMACH

RIDGES

NERVE FIBER @ VAGUS NERVE

RELEASE OF GASTRIC JUICE -> GASTRIC GLAND

IMPULSE RELEASE OF GASTRIN

SEE FOOD - STIMULATES TASTE/ CELL

ACTIVATES STRETCH RECEPTORS

FOOD CHEMICALS --->>> G CELLS

(MEDULLA ---->>> VAGUS NERVE )

LOW PH

PARTIALLY : FOOD & FAT

HYPERTONIC @ DUODENUM

GASTRIC RELEASE AT BLOOD

(STOP SIGNALS)

______________ DOESNT ABSORB OF DIGEST FOOD. ABSORBS SALTS, H2O, BOOZE, LIPID SOLUABLE DRUGS.

DIGESTED FOOD

DUEL FUNCTION

ENDOCRINE/ EXOCRINE

RELEASES PANCREATIC JUICES

BY DUODEM- (PANCREATIC DUCT TO DUODEM)

FAT/PROTIEN / NUCLEIC ACID

AMYLASE - SPLITS GLYCOGEN

LIPASE- BREAK DOWN TRIGLYCENIDES

EMOLSIFER / BREAKS DOWN FAT

SECRETION BY PANCREATIC JUICE

STIMULATES BILE SALTS

HEPO SPHINCTER TO RELAX

STIMULATES GALLBLADDER VIA VAGUS NERVE

WHICH NERVE STIMULATES GALLBLADDER MAKING BILESALTS AND PANCREATIC JUICE ?

CYSTIC AND HEPATIC DUCT FORM THE _________ DUCT

GREEN/YELLOW

H20 AND BILE SALTS ( DETERGANT)

EMULSIFICATION AND TO BREAK DOWN FATS(DIGESTIVE ENZYME)

SALTS- ABSORB FATTY ACID (CHOLESTROL)

RECYCLED AND RETURNED TO LIVER

Bile pigments

Cholesterol

Electrolytes

Bile secretion is stimulated by____________________

Gallbladder contraction is stimulated by________________________

_________________is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine. It completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme, absorbs products of digestion, and transports the remaining residue to the large intestine. It consists of three parts that include. Duodenum. Jejunum. Ileum

In addition to mucous-secreting goblet cells, there are many specialized mucous-secreting glands (Brunner’s glands) that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus in response to certain stimuli Enzymes in the membranes of the microvilli include________ (7)?

Regulation of small intestine secretion occurs by_______(3)?

What are the steps to Absorption of the Small Intestine ?

LARGE INTESTINE : Cecum, colon, rectum, anal, canal. UNIQUE FEATURES AND LAYERS ?

Functions of the Large Intestine?

Movements of the Large Intestine?

MOVEMENT OF FECAL MATTER

Feces is composed of materials not digested or absorbed, and include?

The pungent odor is produced by bacterial compounds including?

The respiratory system consists of passages that filter incoming air and transport it into the body, into the lungs, and to the many microscopic air sacs where gases are exchanged. Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells. Involves both the respiratory and the circulatory systems. Four processes that supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2:_________(4) ?

RESPIRATION -> CIRCULATORY

WHY DO WE BREATHE?

Organs of the Respiratory System?

Organs of the Respiratory System

________ is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx, It is composed of a framework of muscles and cartilages bound by elastic tissue

______________ is a flexible cylindrical tube about 2.5 centimeters in diameter and 12.5 centimeters in lengthAs it extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity, it splits into the right and left primary bronchi

___________________ consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs

The successive divisions of the branches from the trachea to the alveoli are?

_________________is similar to that of the trachea, but the C-shaped cartilaginous rings are replaced with cartilaginous plates where the bronchus enters the lung. These respiratory tubes become thinner and thinner, and the cell layers thin and change until the alveoli is reached. It is the alveoli that provides surface area for gas exchange is similar to that of the trachea, but the C-shaped cartilaginous rings are replaced with cartilaginous plates where the bronchus enters the lung

These respiratory tubes become thinner and thinner, and the cell layers thin and change until the alveoli is reached

It is the alveoli that provides surface area for gas exchange

WHAT : Surrounded by fine elastic fibers, Contain open pores that AND Connect adjacent alveoli, Allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized - > House alveolar macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile

____________ are soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity

_________has three lobes and the left lung two lobes

WHAT ?? Occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum, Root: site of vascular and bronchial attachments, AND Costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces?

WHAT AM I DESCRIBING ?

• Apex: superior tip
• Base: inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
• Hilum: on mediastinal surface; site for attachment of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
• Cardiac notch ( L) concavity that accommodates the heart

_______ is smaller, separated into two lobes by an oblique fissure

_______ has three lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures

Bronchopulmonary segments (10 right, 8–9 left)

_______are the smallest subdivisions; served by bronchioles and their branches

(low pressure, high volume)Pulmonary arteries deliver systemic venous blood

• Branch profusely, along with bronchi
• Feed into the pulmonary capillary networks

Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart

Systemic circulation (high pressure, low volume)

Bronchial arteries provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue

• Arise from aorta and enter the lungs at the hilum
• Supply all lung tissue except the alveoli

Bronchial veins anastomose with pulmonary veins

Pulmonary veins carry most venous blood back to the heart

• Thin, double-layered serosa
• Parietal pleura on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm
• Visceral pleura on external lung surface
• Pleural fluid fills the slitlike pleural cavity

Provides lubrication and surface tension

____________________ is the movement of air from outside of the body into the bronchial tree and the alveoli. The actions responsible for these air movements are inspiration, or inhalation, and expiration, or exhalation

_______ IS Atmospheric pressure (Patm)

Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body

760 mm Hg at sea level

Respiratory pressures are described relative to Patm

Negative respiratory pressure is less than Patm

Positive respiratory pressure is greater than Patm

Zero respiratory pressure = Patm

_________________ IS (Ppul). Pressure in the alveoli, Fluctuates with breathing

AND Always eventually equalizes with Patm.

_______ IS Pressure in the pleural cavity, Fluctuates with breathingVAND Always a negative pressure (<Patm and <Ppul)

Negative Pip is caused by opposing forces–Two inward forces promote lung collapse

• Elastic recoil of lungs decreases lung size
• Surface tension of alveolar fluid reduces alveolar size

One outward force tends to enlarge the lungs

• Elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thorax outward

Atmospheric pressure due to the weight of the air is the force that moves air into the lungs. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)Moving the plunger of a syringe causes air to move in or out . Air movements in and out of the lungs occur in much the same way

• The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas
• Pressure (P) varies inversely with volume (V):

P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2

The forces responsible for normal resting expiration come from elastic recoil of lung tissues and from surface tension. These factors increase the intra-alveolar pressure about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure forcing air out of the lungs

CO2 + H2O =

MUSCLES TO BREATHE ?

Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR): flow of gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time. Dead space is normally constant, Rapid, shallow breathing decreases AVR

Used to assess a person’s respiratory status

Tidal volume (TV)

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)–Residual volume (RV)

• Inspiratory capacity (IC)
• Functional residual capacity (FRC)
• Vital capacity (VC)
• Total lung capacity (TLC)

Air movements other than breathing are called nonrespiratory movements. They clear air passages, as in coughing and sneezing, or express emotions, as in laughing and crying

Respiratory Disorders That Decrease Ventilation: _____________

Groups of neurons in the brainstem comprise the respiratory areas that control breathing . Impulses travel on cranial nerves and spinal nerves, causing inspiration and expiration. Respiratory areas also adjust the rate and depth of breathing. The respiratory areas include:

• Respiratory center of the medulla
• Respiratory group of the pons

A number of factors affect breathing rate and depth including:

• Partial pressure of oxygen (Po2)
• Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2)
• Degree of stretch of lung tissue
• Emotional state
• Level of physical activity

Receptors involved include mechanoreceptors and central and peripheral chemoreceptors

Changes in blood pH, O2 and CO2 concentration stimulates chemoreceptors

Motor impulses can travel

from the respiratory center

to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Contraction of these muscles causes the lungs to expand stimulating mechanoreceptors in the lungs

Inhibitory impulses from the mechanoreceptors back to the respiratory center prevent overinflation of the lungs

The alveoli are the sites of the vital process of gas exchange between the air and the blood.

“ Describe the exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs and body tissues. Include the names of the body structures needed, and how O2 & CO2 are transported in the blood.”

O2 inhaled from environment and travels to alveoli of lungs. O2 is loaded by simple diffusion into the pulmonary capillaries and binds to hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin. CO2 is chemically released from the bicarbonate ion and unloaded by simple diffusion from the capillary to the alveoli to be exhaled.

O2 travels in blood to capillary bed and is released from hemoglobin unloaded by simple diffusion from the blood to the tissue. CO2 is loaded by simple diffusion into the blood from the tissue and carried in the blood as a bicarbonate ion back to the lungs.

Part of the wall of an alveolus is made up of cells (type II cells) that secrete pulmonary surfactant . The bulk of the wall of an alveolus consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium (type I cells) .Both of these layers make up the respiratory membrane through which gas exchange takes place

Molecules diffuse from regions where they are in higher concentration toward regions where they are in lower concentration. It is important to know the concentration gradient, In respiration, think in terms of gas partial pressures. Gases diffuse from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure, The respiratory membrane is normally thin and gas exchange is rapid

Increased diffusion is favored with more surface area, shorter distance, greater solubility of gases and a steeper partial pressure gradient

Decreased diffusion occurs from decreased surface area

Air and food are routed into the proper channels by the ________.

The loudness of a personʹs voice depends on ________.

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is ________.

After the segmental (tertiary) bronchus, the next smaller branch of the respiratory passageway is (are) the ________.

_________ O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the body cells. As the gases enter the blood, they dissolve in the plasma or chemically combine with other atoms or molecules

Almost all oxygen carried in the blood is bound to the protein hemoglobin in the form of oxyhemoglobin. Chemical bonds between O2 and hemoglobin are relatively unstable. Oxyhemoglobin releases O2 into the body cells. About 75% of the O2 remains bound to hemoglobin in the venous blood ensuring safe CO2 levels and thereby pH

Blood flowing through capillaries gains CO2 because the tissues have a high Pco2. The CO2 is transported to the lungs in one of three forms. WHAT ARE THEY ?

WHERE ?

–HCO3– moves into the RBCs and binds with H+ to form H2CO3

–H2CO3 is split by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water

–CO2 diffuses into the alveoli

–Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema

–Irreversible decrease in the ability to force air out of the lungs

–Other common features

• History of smoking in 80% of patients
• Dyspnea: labored breathing (“air hunger”)
• Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections
• Most victims develop respiratory failure (hypoventilation) accompanied by respiratory acidosis

–Characterized by coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness

–Active inflammation of the airways precedes bronchospasms

–Airway inflammation is an immune response caused by release of interleukins, production of IgE, and recruitment of inflammatory cells

–Airways thickened with inflammatory exudate magnify the effect of bronchospasms

–Infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

–Symptoms include fever, night sweats, weight loss, a racking cough, and spitting up blood

–Treatment entails a 12-month course of antibiotics

–Leading cause of cancer deaths in North America

–90% of all cases are the result of smoking

–The three most common types

1.Squamous cell carcinoma (20–40% of cases) in bronchial epithelium

2.Adenocarcinoma (~40% of cases) originates in peripheral lung areas

3.Small cell carcinoma (~20% of cases) contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize

The smallest macroscopic subdivision of the lung is the ________.

The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs because ________.

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________.

Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.

A) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent.

B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months.

C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.

D) There are 32 primary teeth, and most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never very strong.

Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

1. A) 7- 10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma
2. B) 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
3. C) as bicarbonate ion in plasma
4. D) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

A) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells

B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

C) as carbonic acid in the plasma

D) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin

The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.

A) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen

B) in the walls of the tract organs

C) in the pons and medulla

D) only in the esophagus because this is the only part of the tract that needs to change to accommodate food passage

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

1. A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
2. B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
3. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
4. D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called:
a. absorption
b. secretion
c. chemical digestion
d. mechanical digestion 

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

1. A) B12
2. B) K
3. C) A
4. D) C

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

A) loss of oxygen in tissues

B) increase of carbon dioxide

C) pH (acidosis)

D) pH (alkalosis)

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

A) Henry's law

B) Boyle's law

C) Dalton's law

D) Charles' law

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.

A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract

B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

C) distribute hormones

D) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low

Peristaltic waves are ________.

A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract

B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract

C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract

D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

1. A) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.
2. B) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.
3. C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.
4. D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

___ is the most common lethal genetic disease in the U.S

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the babyʹs loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________.

There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems.

Parietal cells of the stomach produce

The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the small intestine is known as the ______?

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

A) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax

D) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax

Catabolism involves processes that:
a. cause a decline in circulating ketone bodies
b. mobilize fat during the post absorptive state
c. break down complex structures to simpler ones
d. elevate glucagon levels

Know parts of stomach

The solutes contained in saliva include ________.

Which of the following is not found on the right lung?

Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products?

parietal cells
enteroendocrine cells
mucous neck cells
zymogenic cells

Paneth cells ________.

are located next to the lacteal in a villus
secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
are more common in the ileum than in the jejunum
are absorptive cells in the small intestine

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

proteins
carbohydrates
starches
lipids

Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________.

simple carbohydrates and alcohols
protein and peptide fragments
fatty acids
starches and complex carbohydrates

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.
serosa
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
adventitia

If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________.

mucosa
serosa
muscularis externa
submucosa

Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?

synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
synthesize vitamins C and D
produce gas
absorb bilirubin

Which of these is not part of the ?

celiac artery
hepatic portal vein
superior mesenteric artery
inferior vena cava

Hormones or pancreas that inhibit gastric secretion include ________.

ACh
secretin
histamine
gastrin

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.

hepatopancreatic ampulla
bile canaliculus
portal vein
pancreatic acini

Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?

gastrin
cholecystokinin
secretin
gastric inhibitor peptide

Hepatocytes do not ________.

process nutrients
detoxify
store fat-soluble vitamins
produce digestive enzymes

You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food?

Know the layers of the alimentary canal, starting with the outermost layer

Where is salivary amylase released from?

What does salivary amylase digest?

Gastrin: What is it for?

Secretion of Cholecystokinin(CCK) from the intestinal wall is stimulated in the presence of what foods?

Secretin: inhibits

Peristalsis vs. Segmentation

What is the function of the large intestine?

What is the part of the digestive tract with the most lymph nodules and bacteria?

What is the greater omentum formed out of?

If the liver is damaged , what is going to be harder to digest?

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ____?

Peristaltic waves; where are they starting?

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place….

Expiration, unlike inspiration, is a passive act. Expiration depends on 2 factors…

What structure has the greatest surface area for gas exchange in the lungs

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

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