Human Anatomy & Physiology: exam 3 week 5 lymph system Flashcards

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

A. keratin B. cilia C. gastric juice D. phagocytes

Low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it
A. increases iron in the blood.
B. includes pyrogens that destroy the pathogens.
C. increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria.
D. slows the attack of phagocytes.
E. forces the person to stay in bed.

________ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.

A. Cytokines B. Perforins C. Interleukin 1 proteins D. Interleukin 2 proteins

The antibodies produced in allergic reactions
A. are called allergens.
B. are secreted by mast cells.
C. belong to the immunoglobulin E group.
D. attack pathogens or nonself cells.
E. are all of the above

The formation of lymph increases as a result of
A. increasing osmotic pressure in blood capillaries.
B. increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid.
C. decreasing volume of tissue fluid.
D. decreasing protein concentration in tissue fluid.
E. increasing the numbers of white blood cells that leave the blood for the lymph

An antigen is ______, whereas an antibody is ______.
A. a foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate the antigen
B. an immunoglobulin that is produced by lymph nodes in response to bacteria; a foreign protein that enters the body and causes an immune reaction
C. a hapten molecule that is complex in shape; an enzyme produced by the thymus gland that neutralizes antigens
D. only on a pathogen; only in a human body.
E. none of the above

Select the correct statement about lymph transport.

A. Under normal conditions, lymph vessels are very high-pressure conduits. B. Lymph transport is faster than that occurring in veins. C. Lymph transport is only necessary when illness causes tissue swelling. D. Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.

A. vasodilation B. vasoconstriction C. phagocyte mobilization D. production of complement and interferon

When the lymphatic structures are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.

A. shrinkage of tissues distal to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph B. severe localized edema distal to the blockage C. increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal to the blockage D. abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal region

Following a primary immune response, the cells that give rise to memory cells are
A. B cells only.
B. T cells only.
C. both B cells and T cells.
D. neither B cells nor T cells.
E. macrophages and mast cells.

Innate defenses are
A. fast and non specific.
B. slow and non specific.
C. fast and specific.
D. slow and specific.
E. obtained by taking vaccines.

Henry has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. The lymph nodes in his __________ enlarge.
A. cervical region
B. thoracic region
C. inguinal region
D. supratrochlear region
E. trophic region.

Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.

A.T lymphocytes B.plasma cells C.lymph nodes D.medullary cords

The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the

A. scalp and face. B. upper limb and mammary gland. C. thoracic viscera. D. abdominal viscera. E. brain.

T lymphocytes are responsible for

A. programming macrophages. B. producing antibodies. C. cell-mediated immunity. D. humoral immunity. E. producing collectins

In the cellular immune response

A. B cells produce antibodies directly against antigens. B. T cells produce antibodies directly against antigens. C. T cells attach directly to antigens and destroy them. D. T cells attack healthy body cells. E. T cells activate macrophages.

Marsha gets a splinter in her finger. What is her body's response to any microbe that might try to enter her body as a result of the splinter breaking the skin?

A. innate defense. B. adaptive defense. C. specific defense. D. cytotoxic T cell response. E. antibody response.

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

A.draining excess interstitial fluid B.carrying out immune responses C.transporting dietary fats D.transporting respiratory gases

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?

A.antigen B. interferon C.antibody D.complement

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the

A. thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. B. lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct. C. intestinal duct and left intercostal duct. D. bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct. E. none of the above.

Stephanie has her cancerous right breast removed, and the surgeon also removes lymph nodes in the axillary region, to prevent spread of the cancer. As a result, Stephanie's right arm

A. loses its blood supply. B. receives too much blood and swells. C. becomes edematous. D. loses tissue fluid. E. becomes paralyzed

Clonal selection of B cells ________.

A.occurs during fetal development B.results in the formation of plasma cells C.cannot occur in the presence of antigens D.only occurs in the secondary immune response

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus in response to

A. cytokines. B. antibodies. C. interferon. D. thymosins. E. thymonucleins.

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________.

A.regulatory cells B.helper cells C.cytotoxic cells D.plasma cells

Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?

A.carbohydrate structure B.composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains C.three binding sites per antibody monomer D.incapable of being transferred from one person to another

List the functions of the lymphatic vessels.

Describe the structure and distribution of lymphatic vessels.

Three layers: Lymph

Lymph vessels (lymphatics) include

Lymph is delivered into one of two large ducts

Capillary blood pressure filters water and small molecules from the plasma.The resulting fluid has:

Lymph Formation

Lymphatic vessels play a role in____________?

Hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid drives the lymph into the lymphatic capillaries. Muscle activity largely influences the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels via _____?

Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes are found in groups or chains along the paths of the larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body, including the:

Lymph nodes have two primary functions

T cells and B cells protect against antigens?

Macrophages phagocytize foreign substances and help activate

Largest lymphnode

Smallest Lympyh

born with

skin

mucous membrane

natural killers - virus and cancer

mass histamine's

cells capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes

cells produce stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs

Which gland?

Replaced by fat and connective tissue in the elderly

Small in an adult (Larger in infancy and during puberty)

Site of T lymphocyte (or T cell) production

Secretes protein hormones called thymosins

which is the Largest lymph organ?

The largest lymphatic organ @ upper left abdominal quadrant

Has sinuses filled with blood

Contains two tissue types:

White pulp (lymphocytes)

Red pulp (red blood cells, lymphocytes and macrophages)

First responder

***Simplest lymphoid organs****

Form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx

1. Palatine tonsils—at posterior end of the oral cavity
2. Lingual tonsils—grouped at the base of the tongue
3. Pharyngeal tonsil—in posterior wall of the nasopharynx
4. Tubal tonsils—surrounding the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx

The body can prevent entry of pathogens or destroy them with defense mechanisms such as

Surface barriers

Skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions

What is Necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues?

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

• Triggered whenever body tissues are injured or infected
• Prevents the spread of damaging agents
• Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
• Sets the stage for repair

1.Redness- Erythromin

2.Heat- Calor

3.Swelling- edema

4.Pain- dolor

5. Impairment of function

removes foreign particles from the lymph

• are also in the blood vessels and in the tissues of the spleen, liver or bone marrow
• The most active phagocytic cells are neutrophils and monocytes: neutrophils are most phagocytic
• Chemicals attract these phagocytic cells to the injury and this is called chemotaxis

1. Phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris.
2. Phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles forming a phagosom.
3. Lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome.
4. Lysosomal enzymes digest the particles, leaving a residual body.
5. Exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material

A ______ begins when a viral or bacterial infection stimulates lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete a substance called interleukin-1 (IL-1)

• This is the third line of defense and known as immunity
• It is resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by-products
• It is based on the ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body (“self” from “non-self”)
• Antigens are molecules that can elicit an immune response

• Proteins
• Polysaccharides
• Glycoproteins
• Glycolipids
• The most effective antigens are large and complex
• Haptens are small molecules that are not antigenic by themselves, but when they combine with a large molecule can stimulate an immune response

• Immunoglobulins—gamma globulin portion of blood
• Proteins secreted by plasma cells
• Capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells

first antibody released FIRST TO FIGHT INFECTION

Potent agglutinating agent

Readily fixes and activates complement

in mucus and other secretions

Helps prevent entry of pathogens

MUCUS

Monomer attached to the surface of B cells

Functions as a B cell receptor

FOUND ON B

Monomer; 75–85% of antibodies in plasma

From secondary and late primary responses

Crosses the placental barrier

GIRL -PLACENTAL/IMMUNITY TO FETUS

Active in some allergies and parasitic infections

Causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine

ALLERGY

• B cells can be activated when an antigen fits the shape of its receptor
• Most of the time B cell activation requires T cells
• T cells release cytokines that stimulate B cells
• Some B cells may become memory B cells while others differentiate into plasma cells and produce and secrete large globular proteins called antibodies or immunoglobulins

• Naturally acquired—response to a bacterial or viral infection
• Artificially acquired—response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

Spare us the symptoms of the primary response

Provide antigenic determinants that are immunogenic and reactive

Target only one type of helper T cell, so fail to fully establish cellular immunological memory

B cells are not challenged by antigens

Immunological memory does not occur

1.Naturally acquired—antibodies delivered to a fetus via the placenta or to infant through milk

2.Artificially acquired—injection of serum, such as gamma globulin

Protection is immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in the body

• A lymphocyte must be activated before it can respond to an antigen
• T cell activation requires antigen-presenting cell (accessory cell) and may include macrophages, B cells and several other types of cells
• Requires major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or human leukocyte antigens (HLA) to recognize “non-self”
• T cells can synthesize and secrete polypeptides called cytokines

Major types of T cells

CD4 cells become helper T cells (TH) when activated

CD8 cells become cytotoxic T cells (TC) that destroy cells harboring foreign antigens

Other types of T cells

Regulatory T cells (TREG) Memory T cells

Occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen

Lag period: three to six days

Peak levels of plasma antibody are reached in 10 days

Antibody levels then decline

Occurs on re-exposure to the same antigen(SECONDARY)

Sensitized memory cells respond within hours

Antibody levels peak in two to three days at much higher levels

Antibodies bind with greater affinity

Antibody level can remain high for weeks to months

Immune responses to a perceived (otherwise harmless) threat

Causes tissue damage

Different types are distinguished by Their time course

Whether antibodies or T cells are involved

Antibodies cause immediate and subacute hypersensitivities

T cells cause delayed hypersensitivity

1. Immediate-reaction allergy
2. Occurs minutes after contact with allergen

Symptoms include hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, gastric disturbances, and anaphylactic shock

1. Acute (type I) hypersensitivities (allergies) begin in seconds after contact with allergen
2. Initial contact is asymptomatic but sensitizes the person
3. Reaction may be local or systemic

1. Antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction
2. Takes 1-3 hours to develop
3. Transfusion reaction
4. (BLOOD TRANSFUSION)

1. Immune-complex reaction
2. Takes 1-3 hours to develop
3. Antibody complexes cannot be cleared from the body
4. Damage of body tissues (LUPUS)

• Delayed-reaction allergy
• Results from repeated exposure to allergen
• Eruptions and inflammation of the skin
• Takes about 48 hours to occur ( POISON IVY)

1. Systemic response to allergen that directly enters the blood
2. Basophils and mast cells are enlisted throughout the body
3. Systemic histamine releases may cause

Constriction of bronchioles

Sudden vasodilation and fluid loss from the bloodstream

Hypotensive shock and death

• Treatment: epinephrine

1. Caused by IgM and IgG transferred via blood plasma or serum
2. Slow onset (1–3 hours) and long duration (10–15 hours)
3. Cytotoxic (type II) reactions

Antibodies bind to antigens on specific body cells, stimulating phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis of the cellular antigens

Example: mismatched blood transfusion reaction

Antigens are widely distributed through the body or blood

Insoluble antigen-antibody complexes form

Complexes cannot be cleared from a particular area of the body

Intense inflammation, local cell lysis, and death may result

Example: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

• Slow onset (one to three days)
• Mechanism depends on helper T cells
• Cytokine-activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells cause damage
• Example: allergic contact dermatitis (e.g., poison ivy)

1) Initial B cell contact with allergen

2)Plasma cell secretes antibodies

3)Antibodies attach to mast cell

4)Subsequent contact with allergen

5)Mast cell releases allergy mediators

6)Histamine and other chemicals

7) Allergic reaction

1. A virus particle attaches to a host cell.
2. The particle releases its genetic instructions into the host cell.
3. The injected genetic material recruits the host cell's enzymes.
4. The enzymes make parts for more new virus particles.
5. The new particles assemble the parts into new viruses.
6. The new particles break free from the host cell.HIV enters the body and binds to dendritic cells (orange cells with projections) which carry the virus to CD4+ T cells in lymphoid tissue establishing the infection.
7. Virus replication accelerates producing massive viremia and wide dissemination of virus throughout the body's lymphoid tissues.
8. An immune response against virus causes some protection but a chronic persistent infection is established.
9. The production of cytokines and cell divisions that regulate the immune response for protection also cause HIV replication.
10. There is a rapid turnover of CD4+ T cells that ultimately leads to their destruction and to a change in lymphoid tissues that prevent immune responses.

IMMUNOGLOBULIN

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN: AFFERENT / EFFERENT

LARGEST CLUSTER OF LYMPH GLANDS

LYMPH LEAVING RIGHT SIDE OF HEAD

IMMUNE GLAND OVER AORTIC ARCH

CELLS THAT ARE SMALL IN NUMBER BUT ARE NEEDED TO KILL VIRUS OR CANCER

INVOLVED IN PASSIVE IMMUNITY

CHRONIC INFECTION; WHICH WHITE BLOOD CELL?

WHAT STOPS VIRAL REPLICATION

MOST CRITICAL CELL IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

WHICH CELLS ATTACK VIA CYTOTOXIC ?

4 TYPES OF LEUKEMIA (ESSAY)

1) viral genome and reverse transcriptase enter the cell

2) DNA copy synthesized by reverse transcriptase , this is the site of action of AZT and other reverse transcriptase inhibitors

3) RNA degraded; second DNA strand synthesized

4) DNA circularize (unintegrated provirus) or intergrase functions to incorporate DNA into host cell genome(integrated provirus), this is the site of action of antiretrovial drugs under development

5) With host cell activation, viral DNA is transcribed, yielding messenger RNAs and viral genome RNA

6) Viral RNAs are translated, yielding viral enzymes(including protease) and structural proteins, this is the site of action of protease inhibitor

7)in HIV replication. Viral membrane proteins are transported to host cell membrane

8) in HIV replication. Final viral assembly and budding takes place

LEUKOPENIA VS. LEUKOCYTOSIS

CLONES REPLICATING ANTIBODIES BC OF ORIGINAL B CELL EXPOSURE TO A NEW ANTIGEN

ATTRACT ALL WBC BC OF CHEMICAL MEDIATORS

TIGHT SPACE

EDEMA AND SWELLING

Where does the lymphatic duct drain into?

Where lymphoid stem cells : production of pre-T cells and natural killer cells (NK lymphocytes), production and maturation of B lymphocytes (B cells)?

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

reticular fibers that trap microbes and abnormal cells. Microbes and abnormal cells ( phagocytized by dendrite cells and macrophages.)

What are the Chemical Barriers of the Innate Resistance?

What is Specificity

What is Memory

What is MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)molecules?

What cell remains for years after initial infection?

This stimulates immunological memory to an artificially- introduced, non-pathogenic antigen or to a weakened or killed pathogen

Having a normally functioning immune system

Immediate response to antigen (within minutes) due to IgE antibodies and basophils (release histamine)

Is lymph more similar to blood plasma or to interstitial fluid? Why?

What type of cells are Antigen presenting cells, and where in the body are they found?

What are some examples of endogenous antigens?

The Enlarged Terminus of the thoracic duct that receives lymph from the digestive viscera ?

( digestive / large)

Rapidly dividing B cells a.k.a. globular masses

Arterial : Heart via duct via trunk via node via collecting duct w valve to the lymph capillary( DTNC)

Venous : capillary via collection duct w valve via node via trunk via duct to heart( CNTD)

Interlockin

growth factor

tumor nucrosis (TNF)

Internal jugular and subclavical

What is the back flow of lymph?

First lymphnode to detect cancer at the lymph system

(surrounded by a fibrous capsule )

ARTERIAL / ICS -> GAP-> AFFERENT -> LYMPH

->NODE -> EFFERENT-> VESSEL -> TRUNK ->

COLLECTING DUCT

INTESTINAL

Back of throat

Upper back- throat

Below diaphragm

Between lungs

What are some examples of endogenous antigens?

3 important characteristics of the immune response are its:________ __________&_________

B cell clone- memory b or antibody making plasma

Gamma goblin - plasma proteins /5 classes of immunoglobulin

B cell =blood/bone -->>>humoral immunity

T = cytotoxic (virus)

Helper-activate

Suppressor-inhibit immune response

All lymphoid tissue except ____________ &

_____________ contain both b/t cell dependent region

What is the white area of the spleen ?

Reticular tissue and macrophages

Red pulp @ spleen

Venous sinuses

______are released by activated T cells & macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes not the area .

B cell contact w/ allergen

Plasma secretes antibodies

Antibodies-->>> mast cells

Contact w/ allergen

Mast cells -->>> MEDIATORS

HISTAMINE & CHEMICALS

ALLERGIC REACTION