What requires a transcription factor present at the promoter region of a gene
RNA Plymerase
Phylotaxy
pattern of leaf as they attach to the stem
Alternate (how many leaves per node)
1
Opposite (how many leaves per node)
2
Types of Margins
entire/smooth
crenate/serrate
palmate lobed
pinnate lobed
Stipules
leaf or scale like appendages
Sessile
leaves lacking petioles
Sessiles are present where?
In most Monocots and some Eudicots
Sheath
leaf base encircles the stem
Simple leaves
Blades not divided
compound leaves
divided into leaflets
Rachis
extension of petiole (leaflets attach to this compound)
type of leaf?
Monocot
Type of leaf
Eudicot
Type of leaf
Eudicot
Type of leaf
Monocot
Types of Margins
entire
toothed/serrate
palmate lobed
pinnate lobed
Types of Venation
Parallel
Pinnate->Netted->Reticulated
Palmate->Netted->Reticulated
What does grass secrete and why?
silicone and to decrease animal consumption
Phyllotaxy?
alternate
Phyllotaxy?
opposite
Phyllotaxy
Whorled
type of margin
Crenate
type of margin
Serrate
type of margin
Smooth
type of margin
palmate
type of margin
Pinnate
Types of Margins
entire
toothed->serrate or crenate
palmate lobed
pinnate lobed
Where are resin canals distributed in?
Mesophyll
Type of Venation
palmate
complexity
simple
complexity
compound Bi-pinnate
Complexity
Compound Pinnate
Complexity
Compound Palmate
Petiolate?
Petiolate
Petiolate
Sesille
On the basis of water requirements, plants are often characterized as? (3 Characteristics)
Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Xerophytes
Mesophytes
Plants that require an environment that is neither too wet or dry
Hydrophytes
Plants that require a large supply of water or grow wholly or partly submerged in water.
Xerophytes
Plants that are adapted to arid (dry) habitats
Stomata Function
Allows for the exchange of gasses. In leaves
Epidermal cells do not contain what?
Chloroplast
Bundle Sheaths consist of what?
large cells surrounding vascular bundle, containing chloroplast.
Kranz anatomy
Vein surrounded by bundle sheath, then surrounded by mesophyll
What is Bulliform cell?
An enlarged epidermal cell
Which mesophyll cells are absent in monocots?
Palisade
Palisade mesophylls are primarily present where?
in Eudicots alone
Collenchyma
Unevenly Thickened. Elastic
leaves of hydrophytes that float on the surface of the water, will have stomata where?
on the upper epidermis only
the submerged leaves of hydrophytes will have stomata where
Will usually lack stomata entirely
Leaves of Xerophytes generally contain what quantity of stomata
Contain greater numbers of stomata than those of other plants
What is the Mesophyll?
the ground tissue of the leaf
What does the Mesophyll contain?
Numerous chloroplasts specialized for photosynthesis
What "phyte" anatomy is this
Xerophyte
What "phyte" anatomy is this
Hydrophyte
What "phyte" anatomy is this
Mesophyte
Which has more Palisade mesophyll cells? Sun or Shade leaf?
Sun leaf
What does this represent?
Kraz Anatomy-
Vascular Bundle, Bundle sheath, and Mesophyll
Gene AE
Sepal
Gene ABE
Petals
Gene CBE
Stamens
Gene CDE
Carpels
Gene CDE
Ovaries
Which is smaller? sun or shade leaf?
Sun leaf
Which has more Palisade mesophyll cells?
Sun leaf
Sun or Shade leaf?
Shade leaf
Sun or shade leaf?
Sun leaf
Which is thicker? sun or shade leaf?
Sun leaf
Example of a sheath plant
Horsetail
The non-living wax layer secreted from epidermal cell
Cuticle
Is the cuticle a tissue?
No
In regards to water affinity, the cuticle is described as what?
Hydrophobic
If plants lose water, what type of environment should they be kept in?
Humid
The Vascular bundles in leaves are also known as what?
Veins
The Ground tissue of the leaf is?
Mesophyll
Describe the arrangement of the Palisade mesophylls
They are tightly arranged. on the upper surface
Describe the arrangement of the spongy mesophylls
They are loosely arranged
Type of transport the gasses exchanged in the stoma partake in?
diffusion
location and role of collenchyma in leaves
located below the epidermis. assists in photosynthesis as well as supports and strengthens.
Which mesophyll absorbs light more efficiently?
Palisade
Monocots or Eudicots, which possess bulliform cells?
Monocots
What type of photosynthesis does the Kranz anatomy go through
C4
Mesophyll refers to
photosynthetic cells in leaves
Mesophytes to
plants that function in normal (Dry Vs Wet) environments
What act as reinforcements in hydrophytes?
Sclereids
The function of Airspaces in hydrophytes
allow access to oxygen
In regards to water, Rice is a
Hydrophyte
In Xerophytes, Trichomes break wind to do what?
create a humid environment
The non-living wax layer secreted from epidermal cell of leaf
Cuticle
CAM Photosynthesis is what?
Crystallization Acid Metabolism
Which Xylem is described as the Non-functional xylem?
the Inner xylem
A change in functionality in response to stimuli is known as what?
acclimation
a genetic change that results in modified functionality is known as what?
Adaptation
what is it called when enzymes break down the cells wall
leaf abscission
In leaf abscission, the separation layer is located where?
petiole side
What is the advantage of a sunleaf having a smaller surface area?
it results in the decrease of water loss. it also decrease the leaf's exposure to sun and wind.
The detachment of leaf is referred to as what?
leaf Abscission
The process of leaf deterioration
senescence
A protein that signals for the transcription of protein
transcription factor
Leaf Modification that aids in support. (grabs)
Tendril
Describe the functionality of a "flower pot"
Creates hallow chamber, ants colonize the home. Ant's feces fertilize the plant.
Describe the phyllotaxy of a flower pot.
Rosette
What type of "phyte" is the flower pot
an epiphyte
What is an epiphyte?
a plant that grows on top of another
How do window plants grow?
underground, only "windows" exposed. the stem and roots are located underground
High Cytokinin/Low Auxin
Stimulates Stems
Describe the functionality of Leaf Reproduction
Tiny plants form at the edges of their leaves. These plants become new individuals when they are shed from parent leaves.
Describe the functionality of a Bract
Mimics a flower. This protects the development of the flower.
What is the function of the blade in the Venus fly trap?
The trap is a part of the blade
What are the triggers in the Venus fly trap?
Trichomes (Hairs)
What type of trap does the pitcher plant posses
A passive trap (no mechanism needed)
Describe the functionality of the pitcher plants
Insects slip inside the long throat, and the trichomes make it difficult for them to climb out.The liquid inside the flower digests the insects via enzymes.
Describe the functionality of the sun dew
The sticky hairs on the sundew traps the insects when the land.
Describe the functionality of the Bladderwort
The bladders posses vacuums that suck insect in.
What ground tissue are tendril made of?
Collenchyma
Describe a plant with an "annual" lifecycle
Completes lifecycle in one growing year
Describe a plant with a "Biennial" lifecycle
it takes two years to complete it's lifecycle
Describe a plant with a Perennial lifecycle
It Never dies. It grows back each year and has another reproductive cycle.
What is the main tissue in tree cookies?
Vascular tissue
What vascular tissue type is wood?
Secondary xylem
What vascular tissue type is bark?
Secondary phloem
What are the lateral Meristems?
Cork cambium
Vascular cambium
Explain the continuity of the rays of a tree cookie
They transcend the xylem and phloem
What is the function of the Lenticel?
allows for gas exchange
What does the Periderm consist of?
Cork=phellem
Cork Cambium
Perenchyma=phelloderm
What tree species is hardwood?
Angiosperm
What tree species is softwood?
Gymnosperm
In what season does latewood develop?
Summer
In what season does earlywood develop?
Spring
Which leaf modification undergoes apoptosis such that a hollow cavity forms a chamber?
Flower pot
Leaves that undergo reproduction stay..
Meristematic
Thigmonastic means?
No growth response
Venus flytraps are associated with growing in that type of environment
Environments with nitrogen limitations
Which leaf modification is initially made of collenchyma for flexibility and then sclerenchyma for hardening
Tendrils
Which year does plant undergo vegetative state in Biennial lifecycle?
Year one
Which year does plant undergo reproductive stage in Biennial lifecycle?
Year two
Girth and thickening that derives from the lateral meristem is?...
Secondary growth
Ray initials divide to produce what?
Rays
Fusiform initials divide to produce what?
Secondary Xylem and Secondary Phloem
Which Bark contains periderm?
outer bark
Which bark contains secondary Phloem?
Inner bark
Absence of cells where the cells have broken down are known as?
Resin Canals
Where are resin canals distributed in?
Latewood
What dictate water flow in Tracheids?
Pits
What is the direction of water flow in Tracheids?
Base to Apex
What do rings represent?
years of growth
Pores formed at the beginning of the growing season are much larger than those farther out in the ring
Ring Porous
Pores exhibit little or no variation in size within a growth ring
Diffuse Porous
Wood that reacts to new stresses is known as what?
Reaction wood
How is Age determined on woody stems?
Number of Bud scale scars
Non-Functional xylem refers to which type of wood?
Heart wood
Functional xylem refers to which type of wood?
Sapwood
Dendrachronology
The study of climate changes and past events by comparing the successive annual growth rings of trees or old timber
Two cambiums associated with secondary growth
Cork and vascular Cambium
in the tree cookie, what is the bark composed of?
Secondary Phloem
What is wood composed of?
Secondary xylem
What in the outer bark makes it protective
wax and Suberin
What makes the inner Bark Functional?
The Phloem
Which Xylem is described as the functional xylem?
The Outer Xylem
Which Xylem is described as the Non-functional xylem?
the Inner bark
The cut Perpendicular to the long axis
transverse Cut
longitudinal cut that follows the radius
Radial cut
longitudinal cut perpendicular to the radius
tangential cut
Horizontal transport structure found within the secondary body
ray
How many true hormones are in plants?
6
Plant based hormones are called what?
Phytohormones
List the six true hormones of a plant
Auxin
Cytokinin
Ethylene
Gibberelic acid (GA)
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Brassionosteroid
Phytohormone with the most physiological roles
Auxin
Which two hormones are absolutely required in order for a plant to function
Auxin and cytokinin
The only gas based phytohormone
Ethylene
Plant based steroid hormone
Brassinosteroid
First step in signal transduction
Reception
Second step in signal transduction
transfer of chemical information
The transfer of chemical information is referred to as what?
relay system
Third step in signal transduction
response
substances that bind to receptors
Ligands
molecule that binds to ligand and receives information
a receptor
What is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate to a molecule
A Kinase
The process that occurs when a ligand binds to a receptor
Activation
What occurs when an enzyme takes away a phosphate from a molecule
Phosphotase
What signal transduction pathway occurs after phosphotase
No response
Name the three regions of a gene
promoter
open reading frame
terminator
What region of a gene does a transcriptional factor bind to?
the promoter region
What requires a transcription factor present at the promoter region of a gene in order to be allowed to bind to the same region
RNA Plymerase
Region of gene that encodes the transcript/protein
open reading frame
Name the five influential factors of hormones
concentration
sensitivity
type of tissue
time of development
other hormones
one of the most powerful mutation
Knockout mutants
which two phytohormones need to be present for cell division and organismal growth
Auxin and cytokinin
Phytohormone with polar transport
Auxin
Transport of Auxin is known as what?
Polar auxin transport
Aux 1's role
transport protein that allows influx during polar auxin transport
Pin 1's role
transport protein that allows efflux during polar auxin transport
Transportation in direction of apex to base
Bisipetal
Transportation in direction of base to apex
Acropetal
Plant that is an example of auxin inhibition
Zea Mays
Phytohormone that can stimulate root development,
I.E,
adventitious roots from the stem
secondary roots from tap roots
Auxin
Cytokinin found in large amounts of coconut milk
Kinetin
Phytohormone important in cell division
cytokinin
What does cytokinin regulate?
Organogenesis
What Phytohormone delays senesence?
Cytokinin
Which process is stimulated by ethylene
Fruit ripening
Fruits that respond with ethylene such that
-there is a spike in ethylene production prior to maturation.
Climacteric
fruits in which their ripening is non-induced with ethylene?
nonclimacteric
Hormone-like compound that undergoes hypersensitive responses with pathogens
Salicylic Acid
Hormone-like compound inducible to participate in wound responses.
Jasmonic Acid
Hormone like compound with critical role in cell division
Polyamines
Hormone like compound undergoing pathogen response by employing reactive oxygen species
Nitric oxide
hormon- like compound best described as being an inducible, wound responding, polypeptide signaling molecule
systemin
development of fruit in the absence of seeds
Parthenocarpy
Phytohormone stimulating fruit development in parthenocarpy
Auxin
If apically dominant plant has two "branches"...this signifies...
Auxin inhibition
What stimulates ethylene production?
wind
What compounds constitutes Gibberellic acid?
GA3, GA4, GA13
Which two gibberellic acid compounds are most active?
GA3 and GA4
What feature can GA trigger?
stem elongation
Plant with rossette habits posses limitations with what phytohormone?
Geberrellin
Which plants posses the advantage of reducing leaf material such that allocated energy goes to the seed
Dwarf plants
GA is known to do what to seed germination?
Stimulate
ABA is known to do what to seed germination?
Inhibit
Seeds from summer are more likely to be..
Nondormant
seeds from fall are more likely to be
dormant
Hydrolytic Enzyme are described as?
Enzymes that cut
Stress phytohormone
Abcisic Acid
phytohormone that inhibits germination
ABA
Most effective way to hold on to water in plants
Stomatal closure
phytohormone triggering stomatal closure
ABA
high amount of solutes attracting water in a plant gains..
Turgor
Tropic Resonse
Response to a stimulus that result in
-differential growth.
-directional growth.
Nastic Respnse
-No differential growth
-No growth at all
-Water related
-Not directional
growing towards the stimulus (eg: light or gravity)
positive
growing away from the stimulus
Negative
What are the types of tropism?
Phototropism-light
Gravitropism-Gravity
Thigmotropism -touch
Phototropism
Light response
Gravitropism
Gravity response
Thigmotropism
Touch response
Auxin stimulates what?
Tropic responses
is there destruction of Auxin by the presence of light?
No
How does Auxin work?
Auxin moves to the shaded side of the plant to stimulate growth toward light
What tropic response does this represent?
Gravitropism
What tropic response does this represent?
Phototropism
What part of the plant detects gravity?
rootcap
Columella
cluster of cells within root cap
Columella made of?
Statocytes
Statocytes made of?
Statolith (Plastid)
Statolith (Plastid)
Growth in direction they have moved
Heliotropism
Moves with the sun
Allurone
Giberralin stimulates hydrolitic enzymes here.
High Auxin/Low Cytokinin
Stimulates Roots
High Cytokinin/Low Cytokinin
Stimulates Stems
What happens to a plant with an absence of Brassinosteriod?
it thinks it is always in the light