DNA is composed of building blocks called _____.
nucleotides
In eukaryotic cells DNA has the appearance of a _____.
double helix
Which of the following attributes is common to both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
the use of DNA as the information storage molecule
Which of the following does not occur during mitosis?
replication of the DNA
Why do some species employ both mitosis and meiosis, whereas other species use only mitosis?
They need both if they are producing animal gametes.
A human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain?
92
Why is it difficult to observe individual chromosomes with a light microscope during interphase?
They have uncoiled to form long, thin strands.
What is the final result of mitosis in a human?
genetically identical somatic cells containing 46 chromosomes
The beginning of anaphase is indicated by which of the following?
Cohesin is cleaved enzymatically.
Which of the following defines a genome?
the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences
How are sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes different from each other?
Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.
If meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for those organisms that spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state?
fertilization
Mitosis results in the formation of how many cells; meiosis results in the formation of how many cells?
two diploid cells ... four haploid cells
Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not during mitosis?
Synapsis occurs.
If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its contents?
It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.
What is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism?
Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.
Crossing over normally takes place during which of the following processes?
meiosis I
In eukaryotes, genetic information is passed to the next generation by processes that include mitosis or meiosis. Which of the explanations identifies the correct process and supports the claim that heritable information is passed from one generation to another?
In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.
The fastest way for organisms to adapt to a changing environment involves _____.
sexual reproduction
Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during
meiosis I.
Look at the cell in the figure. Based on this figure, which of the following statements is true?
This cell is diploid.
Which of the following is true about a plant with the genotype AABbcc?
It is homozygous at two loci.
What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross?
A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters that are being studied, and a monohybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for only one character being studied.
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?
8
The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many kinds of gametes. Which of the following is the major reason?
different possible assortment of chromosomes into gametes
A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?
HT
Mendel crossed yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants and then allowed the offspring to self-pollinate to produce an F2 generation. The results were as follows: 6022 yellow and 2001 green (8023 total). The allele for green seeds has what relationship to the allele for yellow seeds?
recessive
Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). What is the probability that their first child will be an albino?
1/4
Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation and have one child out of three who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). What are the genotypes of the albino's parents?
Both parents must be heterozygous.
In certain plants, tall is dominant to short. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be short?
0
A man has extra digits (six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot). His wife and their daughter have a normal number of digits. Having extra digits is a dominant trait. The couple's second child has extra digits. What is the probability that their next (third) child will have extra digits?
1/2
Phenylketonuria is an inherited disease caused by a recessive autosomal allele. If a woman and her husband are both carriers, what is the probability that their first child will be a phenotypically normal girl?
3/8
You cross a true-breeding red-flowered snapdragon with a true-breeding white-flowered one. All of the F1 are pink. What does this say about the parental traits?
Red shows incomplete dominance over white.
Height in humans generally shows a normal (bell-shaped) distribution. What type of inheritance most likely determines height?
a combination of polygenic inheritance and environmental factors
Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following?
environmental factors such as soil pH
Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, YYBb or YyBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white. A blue budgie is crossed with a white budgie. Which of the following results is possible?
blue offspring only
Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white. Two blue budgies were crossed. Over the years, they produced twenty-two offspring, five of which were white. What are the most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies?
yyBb and yyBb
What is the genotype of individual II-5?
ww
What is the likelihood that the progeny of IV-3 and IV-4 will have the trait?
50%
What is the probability that individual III-1 is Ww?
1