Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function: Chapter 16 Special Senses Flashcards

Interoceptors respond to stimuli ____

List the components of the lacrimal apparatus

Receptors called _____ nerve endings consist of nerve fibers surrounded by glial cells or a connective tissue covering.

List the ossicles of the middle ear in order starting from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

Name the type of receptor that detects specific molecules.

Color blindness results from abnormality in or lack of ______, a type of photoreceptor protein.

Which of the following sensations result from input by exteroceptors?

The ____ point of vision refers to the closest an object can be to the eyes and still be focused.

Describe endogenous opioids such as endorphins.

The vestibular nerves lead to four vestibular nuclei that are located ____ and _____.

The primary function of a sensory receptor:

Equilibrium refers to perception of:

______ is a sensation mediated by specialized receptors called nociceptors.

The photoreceptor cell only produces images in shades of gray, and is responsible for night vision:

Place the following events in the correct order.

Chose the three terms that describe senses that utilize receptors widely distributed throughout the body.

The ____ duct connects the lacrimal apparatus to the nasal cavity.

_____ is the visual pigment present in cones.

The _____ layer (tunic) of the eye contains the retina.

When eyes are focusing on far away objects, the eyes are in a state of ___

List the type of photoreceptor cells.

The tympanic membrane can also be referred to as the _____

Identify the fluid-filled cochlear chambers that contain perilymph.

Amplitude measures the _____ of a sound.

The visible bumps on the tongue are not taste buds but ___ papillae.

List the steps in order involved in generating a nerve signal within the macula utriculi and sacculi starting with movement of the head.

Identify the three regions of the vascular layer (tunic).

Describe olfactory cells

Any audible vibration of molecules creates ______ and can be detected by one of your special senses

The sens of ____ is the perception of objects resulting from detection of the light they emit or reflect.

List the areas of the ear that function to transmit sound vibrations.

Indicate which of the following are examples of sensory modalities.

_____ senses utilize receptors that are specific to a particular area of the body.

Identify the range of frequency of light that is visible to the human eye.

A _________ is a receptor that is stimulated by touch, pressure, stretching, or vibration.

Order the sequence of events that stimulate the crista ampullaris.

Identify the two sections of the fibrous layer of the eye.

A ______ is the conscious perception of a stimulus.

The _____ ducts of the inner ear detect acceleration.

____ is the sensation of taste that results from the action of chemicals stimulating the taste buds.

Name the type of receptor that detects pain.

List the components of the near response for close vision.

The ____ ear is the area between the tympanic membrane an the oval window of the cochlea.

Name the function of the tympanic membrane.

Pain that results from convergent neutral pathways that leads to visceral pain mistakenly thought to originate from the skin is called ______ pain.

Identify the two components of rhodopsin, the visual pigment found in rods.

Identify the significance the sensory projection pathway.

The ________ is the translucent anterior section of the fibrous layer of the eye while _____ is the white of the eye

An area of tissue called the olfactory ____ contains the sensory epithelium for olfaction in the nose.

Death of hair cells results in a type of deafness called _____ deafness.

List the neural components of the eye.

______ sense the position and movements in body parts

The receptive field is the _____

Describe the external acoustic meatus.

The _____ within the eye is actually part of the diencephalon of the brain.

By definition, _______ is the bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different density.

Which of the following sensations result from input by interoceptors?

A ___ refers to any structure capable of detecting a stimulus.

Identify the modality that triggers photoreceptors.

A(n) _________ is a substance or mechanism that has pain relieving properties.

Starting with the optic nerve, list the steps in conduction of a nerve impulse from the eyes to the brain.

Axons from hair cells of the spiral organ form the ________ nerve

Which site contains the most taste buds?

The _____ extends from the external acoustic meatus through the temporal bone to the tympanic membrane.

Identify the four types of information transmitted by sensory receptors.

_____ is a protective, sticky secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands in the ear canal which waterproofs the ear canal and inhibits bacterial growth

Sensory receptors may be accompanied by accessory tissues that facilitate transduction of a stimulus, together forming a:

Stereoscopic vision provides for:

The _______ layer is the outermost tunic of the eye.

Which of the following are examples of somesthetic senses?

Place the following events in order starting with the vibration of the oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells.

______ is the result or irregularity of the lens or cornea of the eye which prevents the ability to focus on light rays that enter on different planes.

Identify the three modalities detected by free nerve endings.

Name the three components of the vestibular apparatus.

The _____ is the opening within the iris of the eye

The ____ chamber of the eye is located between the iris and the lens.

____ are spots of sensory epithelium within the utricle and saccule

A _____ is a variable change in membrane voltage produced by a stimulus acting on a receptor cell which will generate an action potential upon reaching threshold.

Describe how the location of a stimulus is determined.

Looking at the anterior view of the eye through the palpebral fissure, list the parts of the eye that are visible.

_______-order fibers carry somatosensoy information from the head to the brainstem

Identify the two characteristics of a tonic receptor.

The _____ membranes of the maculae sacculi and utricli are important in sensing gravity and motion

The _____ extends from the external acoustic meatus through the temporal bone to the tympanic membrane

The olfactory ______ carry sensory information from the olfactory bulbs to the primary olfactory cortex.

Taste cells within taste buds are what type of cell?

List some characteristic of the conjunctiva

Identify the three types of cones

Explain the function of the stapedius and the tensor tympani

_______ cells are first-order neurons that synapse with photoreceptors.

Spinal gating is the blockage of pain signals from nociceptors at the ______ horn of the spinal cord

The lens is located in between the _____ and ______. Identify two structures below.

_______ is the serous fluid secreted by the ciliary body that fills the anterior cavity of the eye

A _________ is a receptor that responds to temperature

The suspensory ligament attaches the ________ of the eye to the ciliary body

_______ equilibrium refers to the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary

Identify the effects of light exposure on rhodopsin

Macula utriculi are oriented ______ on the floor of the utricle

The vitreous body, or humor, is a jelly-like substance located between the

By definition, _____ is the reduced ability to accomodate for near vision that commonly occurs with aging

Identify the receptors that are unencapsulated nerve endings

The ___ muscles of the eye are responsible or eye movement

_______ is a batericidal enzyme found in he tears and other body secretions

The ______ tube is a flattened tube which, when opened by actions such as yawning or swallowing, equalizes pressure in the tympanic cavity

Tears are produced by the ____ gland

The comparison of signals from both the right and left ears that allows for the identification of the direction from which a sound is coming is called

List some characteristics of the perception of taste

Identify the four modalities detected by lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles

The duration of a stimulus is encoded as

Name the structure that connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear

Half of the fibers from each optic nerve cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The term for half cross over is _______

Name the cranial bone that contains the body (osseous) labyrinth

The three visual pigments found in the ______ cells allow us to perceive different colors

Describe the location of the olfactory tracts

Identify the three characteristics of the choroid

Identify some naturally occurring analgesics (endogenous opiods)

Identify the types of encapsulated nerve endings responsible for detecting light touch and texture

The myoepithelial cells within the pupillary dilator are innervated by the _____ nervous system

Similar to tactile corpuscles, which moalities are detected by end bulbs (krause corpuscles)?

Individuals with ______ have difficulty focusing on objects that are further away

Name the area of the retina that is lacking photoreceptors and is therefore referred to as the "blind spot"

______ is the conversion of one form of energy to another. In biological terms it is the conversion of external stimuli into a nerve signal

Hair cells of the spiral organ are what type of cell?

The ______ epithelium of the retina absorbs stray light

The crista ampullarius is comprised of receptors that detect ______ equilibrium

Which unencapsulated nerve endings would be most likely to be the first to sense the presence of a mosquito on your arm

The pupillary constrictor muscle is stimulated by the ______ nervous system

_______ corpuscles consist of flattened elongated capsules capable of detecting heavy touch, stretching of the skin and joint movement

The ________ organ of the inner ear converts vibrations into nerve impulses

The perception of color vision is based upon the

Name the six extrinsic eye muscles

Sensory adaptation refers to the ____ in perceived sensation over time despite the continuation of the stimulus

The ciliary body is part of the ______ tunic of the eye

Having two eyes with overlapping visual fields provides for

An apocrine sweat gland secretion contains compounds called ______ that may affect human sexual behavior

The ____ is stimulated by rotational acceleration

Identify the modalities detected by tactile (merkel) discs

The taste buds located on the vallate papillae in the back of the mouth are most sensitive to which taste?

_____ is the most potent stimulant of pain receptors (nociceptors).

Pitch is expressed in

An area with a higher two-point touch discrimination will have a _____ number o receptor fields

The ______ nuclei are located on either side of the pons and medulla oblongata, and serve to process signals regarding position and movement of the body

First-order somatosensory fibers carrying signals from below the head enter the central nervous system at the level of the

The portion of the retina that produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image) is the ______. It is located within a patch of cells posterior to the center of the lens is called the ______.

____-order fibers carry information from the brainstem to the contralateral side of the thalamus

Identfity the two nerves that send motor fibers to the tensor tympani and stapeius muscles

Describe the projection of pain occurring in the head

Sensory receptors that are "naked" sensory dendrites, lacking connective tissue coverings, are referred to as _____ receptors. They include free nerve endings, tactile (merkel) discs, and hair receptors

The central pillar of bone within the cochlea of the inner ear is called the _____

Name the photoreceptor cell type that functions to regulate pupil diameter and circadian rhythms

____ pain is the pain that results from stretch receptors, chemical irritants or ischemia to the abdominal organs

The retina is examined with an _____ which illuminates and magnifies the retina

_____ cells demonstrate extensive neural convergence resulting in spatial summation, useful for low light vision

The _____ reflex refers to the ability of both pupils to respond to the intensity of the light

The transformation of cis-retinal to trans-retinal after absorption of light is called ______

List some properties of descending analgesic fibers

Identify the function of the scleral venous sinus

The visual adjustment that is made when you go from a dark or dimly lit area to a brighet area is called _____ adaptation

Cones are capable of acute color perception because their signal ____ experience extensive neural convergence when synapsing with bipolar cells

Red-green color blindness is a _____-linked recessive trait

_____ and amacrine cells from horizontal connections between rods, cones, and bipolar cells

Within somatosensory projection pathways, most third-order fibers synapse with the second-order fibers in the

Identify the cranial nerves involved in collecting sensory information from taste buds

The _____ membrane separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli

Odorant molecules stimulate olfactory cells via

Pain fibers that are _____ conduct signals 12-30 m/sec and produce fast (first) pain

The _____ version of retinal is bound to opsin until exposure to light

The _____ hair cells of the spiral organ adjust the response of the cochlea to various pitches of sound

Identify the fluid which fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

Pain fibers that are ____ conduct impulses that travel 0.5-2 m/sec and produce the slow (second) pain

The area of the brain responsible for identification and discrimination of odors is the area of the cerebral cortex called the ____ cortex

Describe the location of the paired olfactory bulbs

Within the olfactory bulb, olfactory fibers synapse with dendrites of these two types of neurons

Each olfactory glomerulus can respond to ____ odorant moleculues

Cochlear tuning is a function of the ____ hair cells

Which of the following is the projection pathway for pain from below the neck responsible for carrying most of the somatic pain information?

By definition, ____ is double vision resulting from failure of convergence

Human ears are most sensitive to frequencies within which range?

Constriction of the pupil facilitates focusing of an image by the lens because:

The cochlea is capable of discerning differences in the loudness of stimuli because specific amplitude of sound

Identify the most abundant lingual papillae

The tarsal glands secrete _____ that coats the eye and reduce evaporation

Identify the superior chamber of the cochlea

The ora serrata is a point of attachment for the ____ to the interior of the eye wall

Aqueous humor is reabsorbed from the anterior chamber into the blood via the

Identify the type of lingual papillae that do not contain taste buds

Name the structure of the eye that secreted an oil that reduces tear evaporation

Identify the projection pathway for pain below the neck responsible for eliciting the emotional response to pain including fear and nausea

The cochlea is capable of discerning difference in the pitch of sound because different frequencies of sound