Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function: Chapter 17 Endocrine Flashcards

Thyroid hormone accelerates the ____ of carbs, fats, and proteins.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone is

List the hormones secreted by the ovary

When peptides and catecholamines bind to the target cell, they stimulate its physiology indirectly using:

_____ is a potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogensis, and release of fatty acids into the blood.

List three types of interactive effects hormones can have on their target organs.

The thick outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal _____

List the hormones that are classified as steroid hormones

Steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on the ___, changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription.

The study of the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones is called:

The hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone is

Name the mechanisms by which cell-to-cell communication can be accomplished.

The hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland that helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume is:

The endocrine gland called the ____ is an elongated, spongy, gland located below and behind the stomach, and is primarily an exocrine digestive gland.

Monoamine hormones include catecholamines. List some examples.

The ovaries and testes are considered ____ glands because they secrete whole cells (the egg and the sperm).

List examples of peptide hormones.

List, in the order of occurence, the stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

The pancreas is located retreperitoneal and ____

Describe a hormone receptor.

The region of the adrenal gland indicated by the RED arrow in the figure is the adrenal ____

The cell type somatotropes produces

The cell type lactotropes produces

The cell type corticotropes produces

The cell type gonadotropes produces

Monoamine hormones and neurotransmitters are derived from:

The hormone called _______ hormone stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of the ovarian follicles.

List the substances secreted by pancreatic islets cells.

The endocrine gland called the ____ may play a role in establishing 24-hour circadian rhythms synchronized with light and dark.

Name the brain area that closely regulates pituitary function.

The kidneys secrete the hormones

List the second-messenger system actions in the order the occur.

Steroid hormones diffuse through the phospholipid regions of the target cell membrane and into the ___ where they bind to a receptor.

Name the endocrine gland housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone (also called the hypophyseal gland):

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete _____ in response to rising blood calcium.

The hormones that antagonizes the effects of glucagon by suppressing the breakdown of glycogen is ____

It is difficult for steroids and thyroid hormone to travel through the blood because they are ____

The kidney secretes the enzyme ____ which acts to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

List the catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla.

The gland located immediately below the larynx that is shaped like a butterfly is the ____ gland.

The hormone ___ directly stimulates development of the male reproductive system, secondary sexual characteristics, and sustains sperm production and the sex drive throughout adult life.

List several hypergycemic hormones.

Name the two hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

Cells and organs that have specific receptors for hormones are referred to as ___ cells and organs.

The groups of hormones from the adrenal cortex called ____ have various developmental and reproductive functions.

The pituitary gland is composed of two structures: the posterior is called the neurohypophysis and the anterior is called the

Glands that secrete their product by way of a duct directly onto an epithelial surface are called _____ glands.

Weak adrenal cortical androgens which possess little biological activity are converted to the much more potent androgen called ____

The hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver and which stimulates red blood cell production is

List the target cells of inuslin.

Name the hormones that are produced by the thyroid

Any agent, such as a hormone or drug, that opposed another is acting as an ___

Name the glands that secretes steroid hormones.

The pituitary hormone that functions to reduce urine volume and increase blood volume is:

After synthesis in the skin, the version of Vitamin D called ____ is converted in the liver and then sent to the kidneys to be converted to calcitriol.

Unlike the other pituitary hormones, this hormone does not target just one or a few organs, but has widespread effects on the body.

The anterior pituitary hormones, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are classified as _____ hormones because they target and stimulate the release of hormones from the gonads.

The hormone secreted from alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood glucose is ____

The roles of estrogen and progesterone include:

The adrenal cortex is composed of ____ layers of tissue which differ in their histology and hormone output.

List the hormones produced by the liver.

Immunity is depressed by long-term exposure to the stress hormone

Functions of testosterone include:

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are both synthesized in the ____ and released from the posterior pituitary.

Describe the fate of hormones.

Local hormone substances called ______ do not travel to their target cells by way of the blood, but diffuse from their source to nearby cells in the same tissue.

In childbirth, the hormone _____ stimulates labor contractions. In lactating mothers, it stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary gland to the nipple.

The gland that is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum is the ____ gland.

The ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the ______ glands.

During and immediately following a carbohydrate rich meal, the beta cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone ____.

Effects in which one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later are called _____ effects.

List the hormones produced by the heart.

Name a hypoglycemic hormone

List the functions of transport proteins

The reaction to stress is mediated mainly by:

Endocrine secretions interact with their target cells and lead to:

The chemical class of hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol and differ mainly in the functional groups attached to the four-ringed backbone are classified as _____ hormones.

Name the glands that secretes steroid hormones.

The SPECIFIC target for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is the _________

Hypothalamic hormones inhibit the release of hormones from the ____ _____ gland.

PTH is secreted in response to low levels of the mineral

The hormone ____ stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation and thus promotes tissue growth throughout the body.

Target cells can become less sensitive to a hormone by decreasing the number of receptors in a process called:

Growth hormone (GH) is produced throughout your lifetime. During which period are its effects most evident?

Once arachidonic acid is liberated from the plasma membrane, it is converted by cycooxygenase to three eicosanoids:

The growth if public and axillary hair during puberty is associated with the group of adrenal cortical hormones called:

The main adrenal estrogen is ____ which has minor importance to women of reproductive age because its quantity is small compared with estrogen from the ovaries

The thyroid gland is composed of sacs called ______, which are filled with a protein-rich colloid

List the three mechanisms used to regulate the timing and amount of pituitary secretion.

The hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity and thus prevents an increase in blood calcium levels is ____

The gland that secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulate the development and activity and T cells is the

Pancreatic beta cells secrete ____ during and immediately following a meal.

The ____ system has widespread effects while the ____ innervates one organ at a time.

In addition to providing fetal nutrition and waste removal, estrogen from the ____ inhibits the mammary glands from responding to prolactin; thus milk is not secreted until birth.

The ____ acts as both an endocrine gland and as a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.

List the hormones secreted by the thymus gland.

The thymus is located:

The nervous system is similar to the endocrine system in both work through chemical messengers to affect physiological responses. However, the nervous system is _____ in its response.

The gland that is a site of maturation for T lymphocytes (cells that are critically important for immune defense) is the ____

The endocrine and nervous system are alike in that:

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a narrow anterior bridge of tissue called the _____

Increased heat production is called a ____ effect.

Name the endocrine organ that is located in the scrotum.

List an example of two hormones that work as synergists.

The pituitary stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete its hormone. Then, this second hormone signals the pituitary to inhibit further secretion of the initial pituitary hormone. This is an example of ____ feedback inhibition.

Describe the physiological basis for gigantism and dwarfism.

One hormone molecule can stimulate the synthesis of hundreds of other enzyme molecules. This is known as:

The thyroid gland contains areas of C (clear) cells, also called ____ cells, between the follicles.

Growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors. These are also called:

The body's reaction to stress is fairly consistent. It is called a ____ or a stress response.

The term that refers to the blood glucose concentration is

Located between the seminiferous tubules are clusters of ____ cells. These cells are the source of testosterone and the other sex steroids.

The catecholamine ____ is said to have a glucose-sparing effect because it inhibits the secretion of insulin. This effect promotes utilization of glucose by muscle or liver.

Glands that secrete their products into interstitial fluid or blood are called ___ glands.

Many of the functions of the ____ are carried out by way of the pituitary gland, which is closely associated with it both anatomically and physiologically.

The source of mineralocorticoids is the zona ____ from the adrenal cortex.

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone are ___ and must bind to hydrophillic transport proteins to their destination.

The function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) can best be described as:

Cells calld spongiocytes are found withing the zona ____ of the adrenal cortex.

The _____ gland is unique in that it is large in the fetus and infant, but is a small remnant in the elderly.

The pancreas produces insulin and digestive enzymes. What can be said about its function

The ovaries are located

_____ is the term for the condition in which all the receptor molecules are occupied by hormone molecules

The two layers of the adrenal gland that secrete glucocorticoids and androgens are the zona _________ and the zona __________.

Define bound hormone

The pancreatic hormone that inhibits some digestive enzyme secretion and nutrient absorption is

The more abundant hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is:

A monoamine synthesized from tryptophan is

Adipose tissue secretes the hormone _____ which has effects on the appetite center of the hypothalamus.

How does cortisol function in the stage of resistance?

The phase of the general adaptation syndrome that is dominated by cortisol is

How do thromboxanes function?