Plasma Membrane
External boundary of cell; regulates flow of material into and out of the cell; site of cell signalling
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes of many varieties; "suicide sac" of the cell
Mitochondria
Scattered throughout the cell; major site of ATP synthesis
Micro villi
Slender extension of the plasma membrane that increase its surface area
Inclussion
Stores glycogen granules, crystal, pigments; present in some cell types
Golgi Apparatus
Membranous system consisting of flattened sacs and vesicles; packages proteins for export
Nucleus
Control center of the cell; necessary for cell division and cell life
Centrioles
Two rod shaped bodies near the nucleus; associated with the formation of the mitotic spindle
Nucleuos
Dense nuclear body; packaging site for ribosomes
Microfilament
Contractile elements of the cytoskeleton
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Membranous tubules covered with ribosomes; involved in intracellular transport
Ribosomes
Attached to membrane system or scattered in the cytoplasm; site of protein synthesis
Chromatin (Chromatin thread)
Threadlike structure in the nucleus; contains genetic material (DNA)
Peroxisomes
Site of free radical detoxification
Organelle
Metabolic machinery of the cell, and they are highly organized to carry out specific functions for the cell
Cell
Structural and functional unit of all living things, is a complete enity
Squamous Epithelium
A. Flat shaped
B. Good for layering and overlapping
Sperm
A. Flagella
B. Allows the cell to be mobile
Smooth Muscle
A. Has a fusiform shape
B. Allows the muscle to tense and relax
Red Blood Cells
A. Biconave shape
B. Allows more surface area for efficient gas transfer
Gap Junctions
Passageway from one cell to another
Tight Junction
Seal cells together so nothing gets between
Desomosomes
Anchor cells to other cells or underlying basement membrane
Passive Transport
A. Simple diffusion- Solute molecules/atoms spread out to establish equilibrium
B. Facilitated diffusion- Charged, polar, or larger molecules. Requires a channel protein (door) to cross membrane
C. Osmosis- Type of facilitated diffusion in which water is moved from high to low concentration
Active Transport
A. Moves solute against gradient (low to high concentration)
B. Requires carrier protein
C. Requires energy
Hypertonic
Higher solute (salt) conc than normal cell
(Water moves away from cell, shrinks
Hypotonic
Lower salt conc than normal cell
(Water moves into cell) (Cell may rupture)
Isotonic
Same salt conc as normal cell
(Water moves in and out of cell equally; is at equilibrium)
Endo/Exocytosis
Movement of larger particles in and out of the cell via membrane vesicles
Interphase
Most of cell"s life, resting
3 stages
G1- growth, S (synthesis) copies genetic material in prep for diviosion
G2- continues prep
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes (23 pairs in humans)
Metaphase
- Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
- Mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes
- Nuclear envelope breaks down
Anaphase
Spindles separate chromosomes and begin to move toward each pole
Telophase
- Chromosomes are fully at opposite ends of cell
- Overlaps with cytokines- division of cytoplasm
- Cleavage furrow forms, cell begins to divide
- Nuclear membrane re-forms
Mitosis
The process where a single cell divides resulting in generally two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as that of the original cell.