Gross Anatomy
The study of body structures visible to the naked eye
Anatomical Position
The human body is erect with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at the sides of the palms facing forward
Axial
Relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body
Appendicular
Relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis
Superior
Structures always appear above other structures
Inferior
Structures always appear below other structures
Anterior
Structures that face forward - the face, chest, and abdomen
Posterior
Structures that are toward the backside of the body
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Cephalad
(cranial)
Toward the head
Caudal
Toward the tail
Dorsal
Backside
Ventral
Belly side
Proximal
Nearer the trunk or attached end
Distal
Farther from the trunk or point of attachment
Superficial
Toward or at the body surface
Deep
Away from the body surface
The wrist is to the hand
Proximal
The trachea (windpipe) _________________ is to the spine
Anterior
The brain__________________ is to the spinal cord
Superior
The kidneys are ______________ to the liver
Posterior
The nose is ____________ to the check bones
Medial
The thumb is ___________ to the ring finger
Lateral
The thorax is _________ to the abdomen
Superior
the skin is _________ to the skeleton
Superficial
Section
Performed to observe internal structures
Sagittal Plane
Runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts
Median or Mid-sagittal Plane
Dividing the body into equal parts, right down the midline of the body.
Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)
A longitudinal plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse Plane
Runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Cross Sections
Organs are sectioned along the transverse plane
Dorsal Cavity
Includes the Cranial Cavity and the Vertebral Cavity
Ventral Cavity
Includes the Thoracic Cavity, Abdominopelvic Cavity, Abdominal Cavity and Pelvic Cavity
The most superior cavity in the Dorsal Cavity
Cranial Cavity (brain)
The most superior cavity in the Ventral Cavity is the
Thoracic Cavity
The walls of the Ventral Cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs located in the cavity are covered with and exceedingly thin, double-layered membrane called?
Serosa or Serous Membrane
The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is referred to as
Parietal Serosa
Covering the external surface of the organs and runs continuous with the parietal Serosa
Visceral Serosa
The serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs
Peritoneum
Encloses the lungs
Pleura
Around the heart
Pericardium
What organs are found in the left upper quadrant
Stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, body of the pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland, parts of the transverse and descending colon
What organs are found in the right upper quadrant
•Liver, Gall bladder with biliary tree, Duodenum, Head of pancreas, Right kidney and adrenal gland, Hepatic flexure of colon.
What organ is divided into identical halves by the medial plane
Urinary Bladder
The centermost region, includes the umbilicus
Umbilical Region
Immediately superior to the umbilical region; overlies most of the stomach
Epigastric Region
Inferior to the umbilical region; encompasses the pubic area
Hypogastric (pubic) Region
Lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying the superior parts of the hip bones
Iliac or Inguinal Regions
Between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip bones; lateral to the umbilical region
Lumbar Region
Flanking the epigastric region laterally and overlying the lower ribs
Hypochondriac Regions
Contains the tongue and the teeth and is continuous to the digestive tube, which opens to the exterior at the anus
Oral Cavity
Located within and posterior to the nose; part of the passages of the respiratory system
Nasal Cavity
Houses the eyes and present them in an anterior position
Orbital Cavity
These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ear
Middle Ear Cavities
Enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely movable joints of the body
Synovial Cavities