Microbiology Lab Final Flashcards

They provide a surface that is incompatible for attachment of an invader, they establish competition for nutrients and vitamins, they produce antimicrobial substances, and they stimulate the immune system.

Provides nutrients and environmental conditions that favor certain microbes and not others.

-Designed to stop the growth of certain bacteria and encourage the growth of other desired microbes.
-Allows two or more organisms to be distinguished from one another by a certain characteristic, like growth vs. non-growth.

− MSA: if the bacteria ferments mannitol the phenol red indicator turns yellow
− EMB: differentiates between lactose and non lactose fermenters

Indol

Methyl Red,

Voges-Proskauer

Citrate

Coagulase test

Used to isolate and differentiate members of the Enterobacteriacae based on the ability to ferment lactose

Inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria

− Hydrogen peroxide catalase
− Positive
− Because catalase is an enzyme of aerobes and facultative anaerobes that converts H2O2 to H2O and O2 gas

composed of DNA or RNA

double-stranded or single-stranded

linear or circular

they may produce antibiotics (toxins) that help the host to compete for food or space

Mutation is a change in nucleotide sequence in a single gene whereas horizontal gene transfer involves the transfer of many genes to a cell.

Because organisms may become resistant to antibiotics if used often.

Because in the disk method it is placed directly on the tested substance which is not the case in the living patient

So that we can see how effective it is and also to see if a new antibiotic is needed or perhaps that they need to change something about the existing antibiotic.

Antibiotics kill bacteria but they cannot kill viral infections so it would just be aiding the body in becoming resistant to that antibiotic.

You would have to alter the procedure in order to have a successful experiment when involving an obligate anaerobe. Alteration would have to be made to accompany the different type of organism and you would have to be careful and pay close attention.

− Used to isolate and differentiate members of the Enterobacteriacae based on the ability to ferment lactose.

-May keep pathogen numbers under control by competiting with them for nutrients, producing harmful substances, altering environmental conditions so they cant live

So you know what to treat

A boil is usually the result of a staphylococcal or a streptoccal infection. First cultured in a broth medium, followed by streak plate inoculations on blood and mannitol agar. If S.aureus a yellow halo will be present surrounding colonies in Mannitol and Beta hemolysis evident in blood agar. If pathogenic streptococcus, beta hemolysis on blood agar and no growth on mannitol plate.

used for isolation and differentiation between the Enterobacteriaciae

Rapid antigen for strep

Will change color if the bacterium is able to produce protens that lyse the RBC.

The very low humidity of the desert would lead to rapid evaporation of sweat and sebum from an individual's skin. Bacteria need these secretions for a nutrient source. Without them, bacteria would be found in much lower numbers on the skin of a person in the desert than the skin of the person in the tropics.

Easily transmitted because its common on skin and nostrils

It only neutralizes the unbound toxin

Scarlet- Mprotein, hemolysin, streptolysin, hyaluronidase
Diphtheria-toxin prevents polypeptide synthesis, cell death

Merozoites

The immune system includes physical barriers, such as the skin that prevent pathogens from entering the body, and cellular responses, that respond to foreign invaders.

For many diseases, detecting the infection and beginning treatment early may reduce the severity of the symptoms or even prevent the disease completely. Rapid detection of disease exposure is also important to prevent further spread of the disease

Enzymes provide a way to see whether or not the primary antibody has attached to its antigen.

Controls are needed to make sure the experiment worked so we don't get any false positives or negatives.

Washing removes any proteins that have not bound to the plastic wells and any antibodies that have not bound to their targets, thus preventing unbound proteins (either antigen or antibodies) from giving false positive results.

If the sample contained the antigen, the primary antibody bound the antigen
If the sample did not contain the antigen, the primary antibody did not bind and wash flushed out in the wash step.

If the sample contained the antigen, the secondary antibody bound to the primary antibodies already bound to the antigen in the wells.

A negative result does not mean that you do not have the disease. It could be a false negative. The ELISA may not be sensitive enough to detect very low levels of the disease agent, as might occur if one is tested soon after infection before a proper immune response occurs. Another cause of false negatives is experimental error, such as putting a negative control in a well where you thought you were putting an experimental sample

Having intimate contact with another person means that you are exposed to any germs that a person may have contracted from any previous intimate contact

sac like structures that hold the immature sporangiospores

arm like structure that holds sporangium and can help produce sporangiospores

asexual spores that will form new sporangiophores

Fungi can change from a unicellular yeast form to a multicellular mold form

They are classified as fungi because are unicellular like many other kinds of fungi, they are different in how they have sporangium and sporangiophores.

Valley Fever: caused by C. immitis, causing flu like symptoms like fever, cough, and chest pain. Treatment include medications like amphotericin
Sperlunkers disease: caused by H. capsulatum, causing fever, cough, and chest pain. Treatments include itraconazole

Genetic, antimicrobial resistance and immunological tests

Beneficial-pest control, hep b vaccine
Harmful- spoilage on fruits, grans and vegetables

Kills pathogenic microbes

Ingesting large numbers of bacteria and algae

Many eukaryotic parasites depend on vectors for transmission so moving an infected individual into an area with new vectors and new susceptible humans would increase the spread of the illness

Warm temperatures

Moisture

Oxygen

Ph

typhoid fever

Tuberculosis

Bacterial meningitis

clostrydium tetani

Vector is anopheles mosquito (female mosquito)

causes more virulant malaria