The major controlling systems of the body.
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Exerts rapid controls via nerve impulses
Nervous System
Exerts a more prolonged effect via hormones
Endocrine System
Hormonally regulated processes
Reproduction
Growth & Development
Maintaining electrolytes
Water & Nutrient balance
Cellular metabolism
Energy balance
Mobilizing body defenses
Ductless, well-vascularized glands that release hormones directly into the blood or lymph.
Endocrine organs
Endocrine organs
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
pineal gland
Organs that contain endocrine tissue
Pancreas
gonads
placenta
Neuroendocrine organ
Hypothalamus
Chemical messengers that act on cells that secrete them
Autocrine
Chemical messengers that act on different cell types nearby
Paracrines
There are two types of hormones.
Steroid base
Amino acid base
How do hormones alter cell activity?
Stimulating or inhibiting characteristic cellular process of target cells
Cells respond to hormone stimulation by either of the following:
Changes in membrane permeability
Enzyme synthesis
Activation or inhibition
Secretory activity
Mitosis
Amino acid-based hormones interact with target cells by:
Second-messenger mechanism
Cyclic AMP system
PIP2-Calcium Signaling mechanism
Cyclic GMP
Cyclic AMP System
Hormone binds to a plasma membrane receptor that couples a G protein. When the G protein is activated, it couples to adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic AMP from ATP. Cyclic AMP initiates reactions that activate protein kinases and other enzymes leading to a cellular response.
PIP Calcium Mechanism
involves phosphatidyl inositol and calcium
Hormones that enter target cells and effect responses by activating DNA, which initiates messenger RNA formation leading to protein synthesis
Steroid Hormones
Thyroid Hormones
A target cells response depends on
Presence of receptors on the plasma membrane or within the cell to which the hormone can bind.
What controls hormone receptors numbers
High or low levels of stimulating hormones
Causes activation of sebaceous glands in the skin
Androgens
Increases skin hydration
Estrogen
Skin produces (provitamin D) or
Cholecalciferol
Regulates calcium blood levels
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Necessary for normal skeletal development
Growth Hormone
T3, T4
Sex Hormones
Essential for normal muscular development
Growth Hormone
Hormones that influence muscle metabolism
Thyroxine
Catecholamines
Hormones that influence normal maturation and function of the nervous system.
Growth Hormone
Thyroxine
Sex Hormones
Controls anterior pituitary function and produce ADH and Oxyctoxin
Hypothalamus
Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production
Erythropoietin
Hormone that the heart produces
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Depresses immune response and inflammation
Glucocorticoids
The immune system stimulates the release of
Cortisol
ACTH
Transports hormones through the body
Lymph
Hormone that influence ventilation (dilates bronchioles)
Epinephrine
The lungs converts Angiotensin I into
Angiotensin II
Hormone that influence digestive motility and secretory activity
Catecholamines
Hormones that influence renal function
Aldosterone
Anti-diuretic Hormone
Kidneys activate which vitamin
Vitamin D
Hormones direct reproductive system development and function
Hypothalamic
Anterior pituitary
Gonadal Hormones
Hormones involved in birth and breast feeding
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Three ways endocrine organs are activated
Humoral
Neural
Hormonal
Only system that can override or modulate hormonal effects
Nervous system
Major organs that degrade hormones; products are excreted in urine and feces
Liver
Kidneys
Hormone must be present in order for another hormone to exert its full effects
Permissiveness
Two or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and results are amplified
Synergism
Hormone opposes or reverses the effects of another hormone
Antagonism
A gland that synthesizes two hormones that is exported to the posterior posterior pituitary for storage and release.
Regulates the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary via releasing and inhibiting hormones
Hypothalamus
Stores and releases two hypothalamic hormones
Which hormones are released
Posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Anti-diuretic Hormones
Stimulates powerful uterine contractions
Triggers labor and deliver of infants
ejects milk in nursing women
Oxytocin
Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb and conserve water
Anti-diuretic Hormone
Released in response to high solute concentrations in the blood and inhibited by low solute concentrations in the blood
Anti-diuretic Hormone
Hyposecretion of this hormone results in diabetes insipidus
Anti-diuretic Hormone
Hormones that regulate the function of other organs
Tropic Hormones
Hypersecretion of the growth hormone in children causes what disease.
Gigantism
Hypersecretion of the growth hormone in adults causes what disease
Acromegaly
Hyposecretion of the growth hormone in children.
Pituitary dwarfism
Hormone that promotes normal development and activity of the thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
Adrenocorticotropic Hormones
The gonadotropin produces two sex hormones
FSH - Follicle-stimulating hormones
LH - Luteinizing hormone
Hormone that stimulates the sex cell production
FSH
Stimulates gonadal hormone production
LH
Promotes milk production in humans
Prolactin
Hyperthyroidism causes this disease.
Graves' disease
Hypothyroidism causes this disease in children.
Cretinism
Hypothyroidism causes this disease in adults
Myxedema
Hyperparathyroidism results in
Hypercalcemia and bone wasting
Hypoparathyroidism results in
hypocalcemia
The two functional portions of the adrenal glands
Cortex
Medulla
Steroid Hormones are formed by
Cholesterol
Hormone that regulates sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion excretion by the kidneys
Mineralocorticoids
Hormones that increase blood glucose, fatty acid and amino acid levels and blood pressure
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
High levels of this hormone depress the immune system and inflammatory response
Glucocorticoids
Hypoactivity of the adrenal cortex results in
Addison's disease
Hyperactivity can result in the following diseases
Aldosteronism
Cushing's Syndrome
Adrenogenital Syndrome
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are produced in which gland
Adrenal medulla
Hormone that enhance and prolong the fight or flight response
Catecholamines
This hormone is produced in the pineal gland
Melatonin
This organ releases insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
This hormone stimulates the liver to release glucose in the blood
Glucagon
This hormone increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells
Insulin
The ovaries releases these two hormones
FSH
LH
Hormone that stimulates maturation of the female reproductive system and development of the secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen
This hormone responds to the high blood level of LH
Progesterone
The testes produce what hormone
Testosterone
This hormone promotes maturation of the male reproductive organs, produce sperm and development of secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
What hormone does the heart produce
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
What hormones do the gastrointestinal tract organs produce
Gastrin
Secretin
What hormones do the kidneys produce
Erythropoietin
What hormones do the skin produce
Cholecalciferol
What hormones do the adipose tissue produce
Leptin
Resistin
Adiponectin
What hormone does bone produce
Osteocalcin
What hormone does the thymus produce
Thymulin
Thymosins
Thymopoietins