Micro immunology and diseases Flashcards

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A. In adaptive immunity, there is self/non-self discrimination.

B. The specificity of the innate response is very high and the diversity is extensive

C. There is no memory component of the innate immune response

D. A hallmark of the adaptive immune response is the ability to create memories of antigens.

E. All of the above statements are correct.

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary tasks of the immune system?

A. Immunological memory

B. Immune regulation

C. Immunological recognition

D. Immune dynamic consistency

E. Immune effector function

Which of the following is an example of naturally acquired active immunity?

A. Getting a cold.

B. Getting a flu shot.

C. A mother breast-feeding a baby.

D. Transfer of antibodies after being bitten by an animal with rabies.

E. None of the above.

. Which of the following cells are considered polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN’s)?

A. Neutrophils

B. Basophils

C. Lymphocytes

D. A and B only

E. A and C only

What type of effector cell produces antibodies?

A. eosinophils

B. NK cells

C. T-cells

D. B-cells

E. cytotoxic cells

Which of the following effector cells is a phagocyte?

A. T-cell

B. plasma cell

C. macrophage

D. basophil

E. platelet

Which of the following cells would be most useful for helping the body to fight an intracellular viral pathogen?

A. neutrophil

B. erythrocyte

C. cytotoxic T-cell

D. mast cell

E. suppressor T-cell

All immune cells are originally derived from the

A. bone marrow

B. thymus

C. lymph nodes

D. thyroid

E. umbilical cord

All Gram positive cells are susceptible to lysosome.

A. True

B. False

Which of the following is NOT a class of T-cell?

A. CD8+

B. Plasma cell

C. CD4+

D. T-Memory

E. Suppressor T-cell

What is the purpose of antigen presenting cells?

A. To produce antibodies

B. To induce neutrophil release of histamine

C. To tellmacrophages torelease massive amounts of cytokines

D. To activate helper T cells

E. All of the above

T-cells recognize antigen presented by antigen presenting cells in MHC molecules.

A. True

B. False

Which ofthe following statements is FALSE?

A. Antibodies are secreted proteins that have the same antigen specificity as B-cell receptors.

B. CD4+ T-cells are activated by antigen presenting cells and,in turn,activate B-cells.

C. B-cells begin producing antibodies once CD8+ T-cells tell them to.

D. Both T-cells and B-cells can undergo clonal expansion.

E. CD4 and CD8 represent co-receptors on the surface of T-cells.

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the innate defense system?

A. Immunological surveillance by NK cells

B. Skin and mucous

C. Release of histamine from mast cells to promote inflammation

D. Complement deposition

E. Production of specific antibodies

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of complement activation?

A. Phagocytosis of opsonized pathogen.

B. Formation of MAC complex by subunits C5aC6-9.

C. Production of antibodies.

D. Recruitment of phagocytic cells.

E. All of the above are outcomes

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. Innate responses are activated within hours of encountering an infectious agent

B. Adaptive defenses are induced within minutes or a couple hours of the innate response

C. Innate and adaptive responses are co-induced, but adaptive responses have a lag time

D. Adaptive responses are not induced unless innate responses are overwhelmed, bypassed, or evaded

E. None of the above statements are true.

After the body has been exposed to a pathogen, how long does it take the adaptive immune system to respond to the pathogen the next time it enters the body?

A. Response is almost immediate after the adaptive system is activated.

B. Response is within days of signaling the problem.

C. Response can take up to 1 week.

D. Response is within days; however it can take up to 2-3 weeks for a full and complete response.

E. The adaptive immune system will not need to respond again after a memory has been made.

Defensins interfere with pathogen cell membranes.

A. True

B. False

Why is the complement system highly effective against many bacterial pathogens?

A. It produces MAC complexes that “punch” holes in cell membranes

B. It is made up of pre-made proteins already in circulation in the bloodstream

C. It can help promote inflammation and bring other leukocytes to sites of infection

D. It can complement the effects of antibodies to enhance clearance of pathogens

E. All of the above

After a B-cell is activated by an antigen, what else must happen before it can begin producing antibodies?

A. Nothing, it can produce antibodies immediately

B. It must also be activated by a helper T-cell

C. It must be activated by a NK cell

D. It first must travel to the thymus where it produces antibodies with the help of monocytes

E. I’m out of answer choices. Pick something else.

How old is the field of immunology?

Who made observations about conferred protection from small pox from infection with milder cow pox?

What are the four main tasks of the immune system?

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are

Lymphocytes make up 20–30% of circulating leukocytes and are

Approximately 80% of circulating lymphocytes are classified as

The type of T cell attacks foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses

This type of T cell stimulate the activation and function of both T cells and B cells

This type of T cell inhibit the activation and function of both T cells and B cells

These cells are a subset of T cells that respond to a previously encountered antigen

These cells make up10-15% of circulating lymphocytes

When stimulated, B cells can differentiate into _______, which produce and secrete antibodies

These cells release lytic granules that kill some virus-infected cells

A vaccination is a good example of

naturally acquired passive immunity.

naturally acquired active immunity.

artificially acquired active immunity.

artificially acquired passive immunity.

The immune system normally discriminates between __________ antigens.

self and nonself

B and T cells

humoral and cell-mediated

primary and secondary response

Adaptive immunity refers to the type of specific immunity that

all of the choices

develops after exposure to antigen.

can result from transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.

can be induced by natural or artificial means.

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the innate defense system?

Immunological surveillance by NK cells

Antibody production by B-cells

Release of histamine from mast cells to promote inflammation

Skin and mucous

The humoral immune response differs from the cell-mediated immune response in that only in the humoral immune response is there

secretion of antibody.

a precommitted lymphocyte

a clonal selection mechanism.

the development of memory cells.

T cells attack

host cells that have been parasitized by microorganisms.

transplanted tissue cells from one host to another.

cancer cells.

Immune cells produce and secrete factors which do not directly interact with invading microorganisms but which augment the body's defense mechanisms. These molecules are called

antibodies.

cytokines.

immunogens.

augmetins.

The transfer of antibodies in breast milk is a good example of

naturally acquired passive immunity.

naturally acquired active immunity.

artificially acquired active immunity.

artificially acquired passive immunity.

Class I and II MHC molecules

consists of a complex of two protein chains.

contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains that forms an antibody-binding pocket.

consists of a complex of two protein chains and contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains that forms an antibody-binding pocket.

neither consists of a complex of two protein chains nor contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains that forms an antibody-binding pocket.

Class I major histocompatibility complex molecules are found on ____________ cells.

all nucleated

antigen-presenting

all enucleated

none of the choices

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of

CD8.

MHC I.

CD4.

all of the choices

Which type(s) of antigen-presenting cell can activate T cells?

macrophages

B cells

dendritic cells

The class of immunoglobulin transferred from mother to infant during breast-feeding is

IgA.

IgE.

IgG.

IgM.

The only immunoglobulin class with members able to cross the placental barrier is

IgA.

IgM.

IgG.

IgD.

Which of the following types of immunoglobulins is most abundant in serum?

The secondary immune response is typically stronger than the primary response because __________ during the secondary response

all classes of immunoglobulins are active

both B and T cells are activated

the antigen is weakened by the primary response

a larger population of lymphocytes reactive to antigen has developed

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with secondary antibody responses?

Shorter lag phase.

Higher antibody titer.

Higher antibody affinity.

Antibodies

can bind to an immunogen.

can target the immunogen for destruction.

both can bind to an immunogen and can target the immunogen for destruction.

both can bind to an immunogen and are part of the nonspecific immune response.

Which of the following is NOT one of the postulates of the clonal expansion hypothesis of lymphocytes?

Defensins are fast acting antimicrobial peptides that disrupt the cell membrane.

Defensins interact with cell membranes because of their amphipathic structure.

Defensins interact strongly with human cell membranes because of the extensive acidic phospholipids found on the external cell membrane.

Defensins can target bacterial cell membranes because of the presence of charged acidic phospholipids.

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of complement activation?

Phagocytosis of opsonized pathogen

Formation of MAC complex by subunits C5aC6-9

Recruitment of phagocytic cells

Airborne Diseases

Arthropod-Borne Diseases

Direct Contact Diseases

Gas Gangrene is most commonly caused by

Food/Water Borne Diseases

Opportunistic Diseases

Innate Defenses

Humoral immunity

Cellular immunity

What are the two types of marrow?

In which type of marrow does hematopoiesis primarily take place?

Most red marrow is found in long bones, such as in the femur

This type of cell is responsible for Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms and antigen presentaion

This type of cell is responsible for antigen uptake in the peripheral site

This type of cell is responsible for Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms only

This cell is responsible for killing antibody-coated parasites

This cell is responsible for the promotion of allergic responses and augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity

The cell releases granules containing histamine and active agents

This cell forms the bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses

Part of the innate defense system, these are chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infection

Immunological Surveillance is

The complement system consists of

Mucous membranes are often bathed in which antimicrobial secretions which contain a variety of antimicrobial substances

This antimicrobial substance hydrolyzes bond connecting sugars in peptidoglycan

This antimicrobial substance is secreted by macrophages and sequesters iron from plasma

This antimicrobial substance produces superoxide radicals

Would lysozyme be more effective against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria?

Are all Gram-positive bacteria susceptible to lysozyme?

The complement system has how many pathways?

The three pathways in the complement system are

The three outcomes of the Complement system are

True or False: All pathways generate a C3 convertase (enzyme) that cleaves C3into C3a and C3b

this is a critical step in the complement system

any protein secreted by cells that affects behavior of nearby cells with appropriate receptors is __

Any secreted proteins that act as chemoattractants and attract cells bearing chemokine receptors

An interferon is a type of cytokine. True or False?

What is the difference between an interferon (INF) and an interleukin (IL)

True or False: Interleukins are cytokines that are released from lymphocytes

True or False: The thymus reaches its largest relative size in mature adults.

How can a cell be recognized by an antigen?

What classes of macromolecules are typical antigens that bind to receptors?

Found in membranes of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

These APC’s do not always express MHC II receptors, but only when induced by other immune signals

These APCs internalize antigen, either by phagocytosis or by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and then display a fragment of the antigen bound to a MHC class II protein

Diagnosis of this disease involves observation of pseudomembrane in throat

Spread by airborne transmission from environmental reservoir to human host, like an air conditioning system

Clinical manifestation includes stiffness in neck and back

Major bacterial causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenza(serotype b)

Mycolic acid is one of the main virulence factors of this

Whooping cough

also known as group A strep

The most common tick-borne disease in the USA

Borrelia burgdorferi

This stage of lyme disease lasts between one week and ten days after infection and is characterized by a ring-shaped skin lesion

This stage occurs weeks or months after infection and leads to neurological abnormalities, heart inflammation, and arthritis

This stage occurs years later and has symptoms similar to Alzheimer's

Yersinia pestis

Rickettsia rickettsii

transovarian passage

Clostridium perfringens

Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B streptococcus

Mycobacterium leprae

This form of leprosy damages nerves and regions of skin surrounded by a border of nodules

This form of leprosy leads to skin tissue killed, leading to progressive loss of facial features, fingers, toes

coagulase positive, pathogenic staphylococcal disease

This staphylococcal disease is coagulase negative, less pathogenic but nosocomial opportunists

Caused by strains of S. aureus that carry a plasmid-borne gene for exfoliative toxin (exfoliatin)

Disease results from body’s response to staphylococcal superantigens and caused by S. aureus strains that release toxic shock syndrome toxin and other toxins

S. aureus isolates that are resistant to β-lactam antibiotics

diffuse, spreading infection of subcutaneous tissue, redness and swelling

superficial cutaneous infection commonly seen in children with crusty lesions and vesicles surrounded by red border

Clostridium tetani

Clostridium botulinum

Most common source of infection is insufficiently heated home-canned food

Most common form of botulism

No honey for babies under 1!

Vibrio cholerae

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi

Typhoid Mary

caused by four species of genus Shigella

excessive antibiotic use eliminates normal microbiota and allows this microorganism to overgrow

Streptococcus pneumoniae