Meninges & the 3 layers
Protect brain/spinal cord
- Dura Mater (outermost)
- Arachoid Mater
- Pia Mater (innermost)
Area that contains the CSF
Subarachnoid space
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain
Meningoencephalitis
Inflammation of the brain & meninges
Bacterial Meningitis cardinal sign
stiff neck
How is Bacterial Meningitis diagnosed
spinal tab- CSF fluid
Bacterial Meningitis: Treatment
- Cephalosporin
- Vancomycin
3 kinds of bacterial meningitis
- H. influenza
- S. pneumoniae
- N. meningitides
H. influenza Meningitis
H. influenza-B
- normal throat microbiota
H. influenza Meningitis affects what age group
6 month - 4 years old
Vaccine for H. influenza meningitis
Hib vaccine
S. pneumoniae (pneumococcal) Meningitis
S. pneumoniae
- nasopharynx carriers
S. pneumoniae (pneumococcal) Meningitis affects what age group
1 month - 4 yrs old
S. pneumoniae (pneumococcal) Meningitis has a high mortality rate in
elders (80%)
Neisseria (meningococcal) Meningitis
vaccine recommended for college students
Listeriosis
Listeria monocytogenes
- foodborne
What causes Meningitis in NEWBORNS? (transmitted to fetus)
Listeriosis
Tetnus
C. tetani - grows in deep wounds
- spams, contraction of muscles
C. tetani produces a neurotoxin called Tetanospasmin that
blocks the relaxation pathway to muscles
Tetnus vaccination
DTP (tetnus toxoid) and dT (booster)
Treatment for Tetnus
Tetnus Immune globulin
Botulism
Clostridium
botulinal toxin blocks the release of neurotransmitter, causing
flaccid paralysis
Treatment for botulism
antitoxins
Infant botulism
grows in the intestines
Wound botulism
growth of botulism in wounds
which type of botulinal toxins is most fatal?
A) Type A toxin
B) Type B toxin
C) Type E toxin
Type A toxin = 60-70% fatal
Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
Mycobacterium
- grows best at cooler temps
Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) grows in
peripheral nerves & skin cells
Leprosy: Tuberculoid (neural)
loss of sensation in areas on skin;
- (+) lepro test
Leprosy: Lepromatous (progressive)
disfiguring nodules
- (-) lepro test
Which form of Leprosy gives a POSITIVE lepromin test?
Tuberculoid (neural)
Which form of Leprosy gives a NEGATIVE lepromin test?
Lepromatous (progressive)
Poliomyelitis (Polio)
Poliovirus
- destroys motor cells
- paralysis 1% of cases
Poliomyelitis (Polio) is transmitted by
ingestion of fecal water
Vaccination of Polio
enhanced-Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
Rabies is caused by
Rabies virus
- hydrophobia
- muscle spams
Rabies is transmitted by
animal bite (raccoon, bat, skunk)
Furious Rabies
animals are restless then highly excitable
Paralytic Rabies
animals seem unaware of surroundings
Pathology of Rabies
- virus multiplies in skeletal muscle
- moves from the PNS to the CNS
- reaches the brain, causing encephalitis
- virus enters the salivary glands & other organs
Pre-exposure prophylaxis for Rabies
Human Diploid Cells Vaccine (HDCV)
Post exposure treatment for Rabies
Rabies Immune Globulin (RIG)
Arboviral Encephalitis (Arthropod-borne viruses)
Abroviruses
transmitted by mosquitoes
Notifiable arboviral infections that cause encephalitis:
- WWW (western equine) - birds & horses
- EEE (eastern equine) - birds & horses
- SLE (St. Louis) - birds
- CE (California) - mammals
- WNV (west nile) - birds & mammals
Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis
(Cryptococcosis)
fungal meningitis
Cryptococcosis is transmitted by
inhalation of infected bird poop
Treatment for Cryptococcosis
- Amphotericin B
- Flucytosine
2 emerging protozoan diseases
- African Trypanosomiasis
- Naegleria fowleri
African Trypanosomiasis is transmitted from animals to humans by
Tsetse fly
Treatment for African Trypanosomiasis blocks an enzyme necessary for the parasite
Eflornithine
Protozoan infects nasal mucosa from swimming water
Naegleria fowleri
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) are caused by
- prions
Typical prion diseases:
(Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies)
- Sheep scrapie
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
- Kuru
- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is also called
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)
Chronic Fatigue symptoms:
-
unexplained fatigue (at
least 6 months) + 4 of these:
- sore throat
- tender lymph nodes
- muscle/joint pain
- headaches
- unrefreshed sleep
- malaise after exercise
- impaired short-term memory/concentration
Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
- Bacterial Meningitis:
- N. meningitis
- H. influenza
- S. pneumoniae
- Listeriosis
- Tetnus
- Botulism
- Leprosy
Viral Diseases of the Nervous System:
- Polio
- Rabies
- Abroviruses
Fungal Disease of the Nervous System
Cyptococcosis