Biology Flashcards

Glucose

Cellular respiration convert large molecules into sources of energy that they can manage.

No for the most part it reduces NAD+ to NADH and in turn cause problems, due to excess NADH.

Because we have higher glucose it is going to be more efficiently used.

If its not at the optimal temperature or PH the cell can end up failing at it's respective job.

The alcoholic beverages that can be produced by fermentation vary widely, depending primarily on two factors—the plant that is fermented and the enzymes used for fermentation
Beer is the fermentation product of barley, hops, and/or malt sugar.

Antibiotic can be fermented if no other commercially efficient method is available. For example, the important drug cortisone can be prepared by the fermentation.

Fermentation and cellular respiration differ in that fermentation does not require oxygen while cellular respiration does. Fermentation and cellular respiration are also different because water molecules are not produced during fermentation but are produced during cellular respiration. All fermentation reactions occur in the cell's cytoplasm but during cellular respiration, only glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. Lastly, fermentation produces a net gain of 2 ATPs while cellular respiration produces a net gain of 32 ATPs.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

The equation expressed in words would be

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water+ energy

Deamination is the bodily process in which amino groups are removed from excess proteins. This happens most often in the liver, though it also occurs in the kidneys. This process allows the system to convert excess amino acids into usable resources such as hydrogen and carbon. The process also plays a vital role in removing nitrogen waste from the body. Amino groups discarded as a result of the process are converted into ammonia, which is later expelled from the body through urination.

the formation of high-energy phosphate bonds by phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (or GDP to GTP) coupled to cleavage of a high-energy metabolic intermediate.

Phosphorylation just means adding of phosphate. Substrate is just whatever is available, in this case GDP.

the first stomach of a ruminant, which receives food or cud from the esophagus, partly digests it with the aid of bacteria, and passes it to the reticulum. ie cow

Ruminants are mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through bacterial actions. The process typically requires the fermented ingesta (known as cud) to be regurgitated and chewed again. The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called rumination. There are about 150 species of ruminants, which include both domestic and wild species. Ruminating mammals include cattle, goats, sheep, giraffes, yaks, deer, antelope, and some macropods.^[3]

2 ATP produced (least)

36 - from electron transport change - most ATP produced (most)

4 ATP produced

move high to low, Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

movement of chemicals, high and low, is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

yeast, some animals

produces ethonol

They are transporters to the electron transport train.

is a oxidation reduction reaction

loss of electrons e-

gain of electron e+

in the cell / cytoplasm

An exergonic process is one in which there is a positive flow of energy, release of energy

Endergonic is a consumption of energy

ATP Synthesis (to make or put together) is making substrate level phosphorylation.

Herbivores are animals which only eat plant material. This means leaves, flowers, fruits or even wood. Sheep, horses, rabbits and snails are well known examples of herbivores which eat grass and leaves.

Carnivores eat meat. A carnivore is a predator because it has to find and catch its prey. Some carnivores, such as wolves, hunt in a group called a pack.

In herbivores, the cecum stores food material where bacteria are able to break down the cellulose. ie rabbit

Molars - grinding teeth patterns on posterior teeth
Tongue - used to move feed to teeth
Teeth Specializations

Incisors - piercing and ripping cusps on anterior teeth

Canines - tear food, These teeth have one cusp, or pointed edge, and are used for holding or grasping food, and are very strong, stable teeth.

Mouth - Breaks down foot particles, Salivary glands moisten and lubricate food, Pharynx - Swallows, Esphagus - transports food, Stomach - stores and churns food, Small Intestine - completes digestion, Large Intestine - reabsorbs water, ions and vitamins, stores waste, Rectum - expels waste, Anus - opening for waste elimination

Pancreas - regulates blood glucose levels, bicarbonates neutralize stomach acid

Liver - breaks down and builds up many biological molecules, stores vitamins and iron, destroys old blood cells, destroys poison, and produces bile.

Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are small, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall.

oxygen, water, proteins with about 10 essential amino acids,
lipids with at least 2 groups of essential fatty acids,
carbohydrates of different typesabout
16 minerals / trace elements,
about 14 vitamins / provitamins,
a diverse number of other substances.

Mastication or chewing is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth. It is the first step of digestion, and it increases the surface area of foods to allow more efficient break down by enzymes. During the mastication process, the food is positioned by the cheek and tongue between the teeth for grinding and mixed with fluid secretions.

Basal Metabolic Rate is the minimum rate of energy consumption. It is relatively constant for a given individual. Exercise raises the metabolic rate above the basal levels, so the amount of energy the body requires per day is determined not only the BMR but also by the level of physical activity.