Define Anatomy.
The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Define physiology.
The study of the function of the body structures.
Describe the nature of different topics in anatomy.
Gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and developmental anatomy
Describe the main focus of physiology.
Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level.
Describe the principle of complementarity of structure and function. How does it unite the disciplines of anatomy and physiology?
Function always reflects structure.
(physiology) (anatomy)
The function depends on its structure.
Levels of organization: list from simplest to most complex.
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
Describe the importance of each of the necessary life functions. Briefly describe each function.
Maintaining boundaries- Ex. skin keeps insides in and outside out
Movement- the ability to move on it's own
Responsiveness- Responding to external environment
Digestion- Breaking food down to smaller components
Metabolism- chemical reactions that occur in the human body
Excretion- process of removing wastes
Reproduction- sexual or cellular or asexual
Growth- change in the size of the stucture
Define Homeostasis
Maintenance of a constant, stable internal environment.
Negative feedback system
Maintains homeostasis.
The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus.
Example: Regulation of body temperature
Positive feedback system
Does not maintain homeostasis.
The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.
Example: Regulation of blood clotting
Anatomical Position
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body
Why is anatomical position important?
It gives us all the same frame of reference
Superior
Inferior
Closer to the top of the head
Further away from the head
Anterior
Posterier
Towards the front
Towards the back
Medial
Lateral
Closer to the midline
Further away from the midline
Proximal
Distal
Closer to the origin
Further away from the origin
Superficial
Deep
Closer to the surface of the body
Further away from the surface
Frontal
Cuts body into anterior and postier positions
Sagittal
Divides body into left and right (does not have to be equal)
Transverse
Divides body into superior and inferior horizontal cut.
Oblique
At a diagonal.
Dorsal Cavity
Back
2 sections: cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
Ventral Cavity
Front
2 subdivisions: Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Cranial Cavity
In your cranium (holds your brain)
Vertebral cavity
Spinal Cord
Thoracic Cavity
Contains heart and lungs
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Contains abdominal and pelvic
Name the membranes in the ventral cavity.
Serous Membranes
Parietal serosa and visceral serosa
Parietal Serosa
Lines internal body walls
Example: lines the abdominal walls, thoracic walls...
Visceral Serosa
Covers the internal organs (each organ has its own serous membrane)
Serous Fluid
Separates the serosa (found in between the membranes)