Human Anatomy: Cardiovascular System: Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

Identify the letter that indicates the unique arrangement of endothelial cells that comprise
lymphatic capillaries.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Identify the letter that indicates collagen fibers that anchor lymphatic capillaries to
surrounding connective tissue.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Identify the letter that indicates the smallest lymphatic vessel that collects lymph in the
peripheral tissue.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Identify the letter that indicates a vessel that carries oxygenated blood to peripheral tissues.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Identify the letter that indicates a vessel that carries deoxygenated blood away from peripheral
tissues.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Identify the letter that indicates lymph nodes that direct lymph fluid to the jugular trunks.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Identify the letter that indicates the large lymph vessel that drains three-quarters of the body.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Identify the letter that indicates the union of the right jugular, subclavian, and
bronchomediastinal trunks.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Identify the letter that indicates inguinal lymph nodes that filter lymph from the lower limbs.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Identify the letter that indicates the first structure to receive lymph from both the lumbar and
intestinal trunks and is located on the surface of L1 and L2 vertebrae.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Structures comprised of endothelial cells separated by flaplike minivalves that are opened as
fluid accumulates in peripheral tissue describes
A) blood capillaries.
B) lymph nodes.
C) lymph capillaries.
D) cisterna chyli.
E) thoracic duct.

Set of lymphatic capillaries that collect fat-laden fluids from the intestinal tract.
A) lumbar trunks
B) subclavian trunks
C) bronchomediastinal trunks
D) lacteals
E) intestinal trunk

Two-lobed lymphoid organ located posterior to the sternum.
A) cisterna chyli
B) thymus
C) MALT
D) lacteals
E) crypts

Recycles red blood cells and initiates immune responses.
A) tonsils
B) lymph nodes
C) MALT
D) spleen
E) thymus

Lymphoid organs located in the mucosal lining of the pharynx.
A) tonsils
B) salivary glands
C) uvula
D) pharygotympanic tube
E) aggregated lymphoid nodules

Begins at the cisterna chyli.
A) thymic corpuscles
B) aggregated lymphoid nodules
C) thoracic duct
D) MALT
E) inguinal lymph nodes

Small, bean-shaped organs abundant in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.
A) lymphatic capillaries
B) afferent lymphatic vessels
C) lymphatic ducts
D) lymph nodes
E) lacteals

Large lymphatic vessel that if present, is comprised of the right subclavian trunk, right
jugular trunk and right bronchomediastinal trunk.
A) cisterna chyli
B) MALT
C) spleen
D) thoracic duct
E) right lymphatic duct

T cells gain immunocompetence in this lymphoid organ.
A) thymus
B) tonsils
C) spleen—red pulp
D) lymph nodes
E) spleen—white pulp

The largest lymphoid organ.
A) thymus
B) tonsils
C) aggregated lymphoid nodules
D) lymph nodes
E) spleen

Masses of lymphoid tissue within a lymph node.
A) trabeculae
B) hilum
C) lymphoid follicles
D) white pulp
E) subcapsular sinus

The lymphoid organ that atrophies with age.
A) thymus
B) tonsils
C) aggregated lymphoid nodules
D) lymph nodes
E) spleen

Duct of the lymphatic system that drains the body's entire lower half.
A) lumbar trunk
B) intestinal trunk
C) bronchomediastinal trunk
D) thoracic duct
E) right lymphatic duct

Lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
A) aggregated lymphoid nodules
B) tonsils
C) MALT
D) lacteals
E) crypts

Blind-end invaginations of tonsil epithelium that trap bacteria and particulate matter.
A) aggregated lymphoid nodules
B) tonsils
C) MALT
D) lacteals
E) crypts

Which of these statements regarding lymph capillaries is false?
A) They begin as closed-ended tubes.
B) They have precapillary sphincters that regulate drainage of lymph from tissues.
C) They lack barriers to stop cancer cells from entering the lymphatic system.
D) They unite with each other to form collecting vessels.

The sinuses within lymph nodes
A) are separated from the bloodstream by a blood-node barrier.
B) consist of star-shaped epithelial cells that secrete immune-boosting hormones.
C) contain macrophages living along a reticular fiber network.
D) surround clumps of lymphoid tissue called white pulp.

Given that a germinal center arises from a single activated lymphocyte, how many different
kinds of antibodies are secreted by a single germinal center (and by the plasma cells it
produces)?
A) none; T cells do not produce antibodies
B) one
C) several dozen
D) thousands

The largest kind of lymphatic vessel is a lymphatic
A) duct.
B) trunk.
C) sinus.
D) capillary.

Lymphatic capillaries are present in
A) skin.
B) teeth.
C) the central nervous system.
D) bone marrow.

Lymphocytes attack antigens mostly in lymphoid organs (except the thymus) and in
A) loose connective tissue.
B) the bloodstream.
C) cartilage.
D) the thyroid.

In the spleen, lymphoid tissue is confined to the
A) red pulp.
B) white pulp.
C) trabeculae.
D) hilus.

Is it possible for lymphocytes to gain immunocompetence in the thymus of an 82-year-old
person?
A) Yes, but the thymus has shifted to the production of B lymphocytes.
B) Yes, but fewer than in youth.
C) No, because the thymus has completely degenerated.
D) No, because all lymphocytes have turned into thymic corpuscles.

The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the Epstein-Barr virus in
mononucleosis is the
A) B lymphocyte.
B) cytotoxic T lymphocyte.
C) helper T lymphocyte.
D) macrophage.

A bubo is
A) an infected lymph node containing a large number of pathogens that are trapped in the node
but not destroyed.
B) a cancer-infiltrated lymph node.
C) any enlarged lymph node.
D) a structure that is unrelated to lymph nodes.

In humans, B lymphocytes originate in
A) the thymus.
B) the appendix.
C) all lymphoid tissue.
D) the bone marrow.

Which of the following cells are the largest producers of antibodies?
A) B lymphocytes
B) T lymphocytes
C) plasma cells
D) macrophages

The lymph trunk that contains chyle and is unpaired is the
A) intestinal.
B) subclavian.
C) jugular.
D) right lymph trunk.

Which of the following statements about the right lymph duct is false?
A) Not all people have one.
B) This duct and its tributaries drain the superior right quarter of the body.
C) It empties into the thoracic duct.
D) It forms from the union of a jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunk.

In a histological cross section through an artery, a vein, and a lymphatic vessel, one can
recognize the lymphatic vessel because it
A) has the fewest valves.
B) has the thinnest walls.
C) has the thickest tunica media.
D) always lies closest to the artery, which has the thinnest walls.

Which of the following is not a part of MALT?
A) lymphoid tissue in the appendix
B) lymphoid tissue in the tonsils
C) aggregated lymphoid nodules
D) lymphocytes in the spleen

Which of the following lymphoid structures have a hilum?
A) tonsils and appendix
B) thymus and aggregated lymphoid nodules
C) spleen and lymph nodes
D) MALT

Lymphatic ducts deliver lymph to the cardiovascular system proximal to the
A) external jugular veins.
B) inferior vena cava just below the right atrium.
C) internal jugular and subclavian veins.
D) superior vena cava and azygos vein.

In humans, T lymphocytes originate in
A) the spleen.
B) the thymus.
C) the red bone marrow.
D) the lymph nodes.

Blockage of the ________ duct would prevent drainage only from the ________ and lumbar
trunks.
A) right lymphatic; jugular
B) right lymphatic; subclavian
C) thoracic; axillary
D) thoracic; intestinal

In lymph nodes, follicles are always located
A) in the cortex.
B) near the hilum.
C) in the lymph sinuses.
D) in the medullary cords.

The lymph organ that lies in the superior part of the thoracic mediastinum is the
A) cervical lymph node.
B) spleen.
C) tonsil.
D) thymus.

Which of the following is not classified as a lymphoid organ?
A) liver
B) spleen
C) tonsils
D) aggregated nodules in the intestine

The thymus is most active during
A) fetal development.
B) adolescence.
C) old age.
D) childhood.

The tonsil located on the posterior surface of the tongue is the ________ tonsil.
A) palatine
B) pharyngeal
C) tubal
D) lingual

The ________ stores blood platelets.
A) lymph node
B) thymus
C) tonsil
D) spleen

The lymphatic capillaries are
A) more permeable than blood capillaries.
B) less permeable than blood capillaries.
C) as permeable as blood capillaries.
D) completely impermeable.

B lymphocytes are to ________ as T lymphocytes are to ________.
A) antibodies; antigens
B) antibodies; programmed cell death
C) antigens; antibodies
D) programmed cell death; antibodies

Which cell has the responsibility of presenting foreign antigens to lymphocytes?
A) cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte
B) dendritic cell
C) helper CD4+ T lymphocyte
D) natural killer

Lymph capillaries differ from blood capillaries in all of the following ways except that
A) they are more permeable than most blood capillaries.
B) they carry lymph instead of blood.
C) they are blind-ended.
D) their walls consist of endothelial cells.

Which of the following might explain why most people are sick more often as children than
as adults in their 20s through 50s?
A) The immune system does not appear until the preteen years.
B) The thymus is so active in children that it fights bacteria so hard that it produces strong
symptoms of disease.
C) Because of their small size, children's bodies cannot contain as much lymphoid tissue as those
of adults.
D) We build up many varieties of memory lymphocytes during childhood, providing immunity
to more and more antigens during adulthood.

The bulges that give lymph vessels a string-of-beads appearance are really
A) lymph nodes.
B) pockets for valves.
C) weakenings in the wall of the vessels.
D) temporary constrictions caused by bulging skeletal muscles that squeeze the lymph vessel.

Lymphoid tissue contains all of the following elements except
A) T cells.
B) B cells.
C) follicles.
D) thick collagen fibers.

Clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following sites except
A) along the aorta.
B) in the mediastinum.
C) in bones and bone marrow.
D) in the inguinal region.

Because the appendix is a narrow tube, it traps microorganisms from the digestive tract, and
these microorganisms enter its wall and activate memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity.
Another immune organ that traps microorganisms is the
A) thymus.
B) bone marrow.
C) palatine tonsil.
D) the spleen.

The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the AIDS virus is the
A) B lymphocyte.
B) cytotoxic T lymphocyte.
C) helper T lymphocyte.
D) helper B lymphocyte.

Which of the following lymphoid organs does not directly fight antigens?
A) tonsil
B) spleen
C) the thymus
D) aggregated lymphoid nodules

Which cell secretes cytokines that will stimulate the proliferation of other types of immune
cells?
A) cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte
B) dendritic cell
C) helper CD4+ T lymphocyte
D) natural killer cell

All of the following mechanisms help move lymph through the lymphatic vessels except
A) contractions of smooth muscle in the wall of the lymph vessels.
B) body movements during exercise.
C) tiny lymph hearts.
D) contraction of skeletal muscles.

The lymph trunk that drains the thoracic organs is called the
A) posterior intercostal trunk.
B) great cardiac trunk.
C) bronchomediastinal trunk.
D) azygos trunk.

The paired lymph trunks that carry lymph from the lower limbs are the
A) cisterna chyli.
B) iliac trunks.
C) lumbar trunks.
D) femoral trunks.

Lymphatic vessels perform all of the following functions except
A) returning excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream.
B) returning leaked blood proteins to the bloodstream.
C) transporting digested fats.
D) carrying blood.

Macrophages that destroy aged and defective blood cells from circulation are present in the
________ of the spleen.
A) hilum
B) splenic cords
C) venous sinuses
D) white pulp

A lymphoid nodule is
A) a small lymph node.
B) a type of lymphoma.
C) a bulge in a lymphatic collecting vessel.
D) a cluster of densely packed lymphocytes.

Crypts of the tonsils
A) are filled with lymphoid tissue.
B) are specialized lymphatic capillaries.
C) contain all the progeny of a single activated B lymphocyte.
D) trap bacteria and particulate matter.

This organ has a superficial cortex filled with lymphocytes and an inner medulla with few
lymphocytes and a sizable number of degenerating epithelial reticular cells.
A) lymph node
B) spleen
C) thymus
D) tonsil

Edema is
A) a form of cancer.
B) an infection of the lymphatic vessels.
C) an infection of the lymph nodes.
D) the accumulation of excess tissue fluid in loose connective tissue.

One location where lymphoid tissue is found is "in the frequently infected mucous
membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts." Specifically, this
refers to
A) intestinal and bronchomediastinal lymph trunks.
B) the intestinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
C) the cisterna chyli and lacteals.
D) MALT.

Lymph vessels drain lymph from all the lymphoid organs (simply because lymph vessels
drain almost all organs of the body). However, lymph vessels enter (empty into) only one type of
lymphoid organ. The only organ with such afferent lymph vessels is
A) a lymph node.
B) the spleen.
C) the appendix.
D) the thymus.

The distal region of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called
A) pancreatic islets.
B) aggregated lymphoid follicles.
C) rugae.
D) villi.

Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?
A) water
B) plasma proteins
C) red blood cells
D) ions

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb?
A) lumbar trunk
B) thoracic duct
C) right subclavian duct
D) cisterna chyli

Lymph leaves a lymph node via
A) afferent lymphatic vessels.
B) efferent lymphatic vessels.
C) the cortical lymph sinus.
D) the subcapsular sinus.

By secreting hormones, the thymus causes which cells to become immunocompetent?
A) T lymphocytes
B) B lymphocytes
C) macrophages
D) monocytes

Lymph is propelled through the lymph vessels by the force of the heartbeat.

A) True

B) False

If lymphatic vessels are surgically removed, the resulting edema is permanent because these
vessels cannot regenerate.

A) True

B) False

Lymph capillaries are open-ended like drinking straws.

A) True

B) False

Epithelial cells within the thymus secrete hormones that are important to lymphocyte
development.

A) True

B) False

The right lymphatic duct drains the intestinal trunk.

A) True

B) False

Lacteals are the micro-valves present in lymph collecting vessels.

A) True

B) False

The thymus increases in mass through childhood and then atrophies during adulthood.

A) True

B) False

Lymphangitis is inflammation of a lymphatic vessel.

A) True

B) False

The spleen atrophies during adulthood.

A) True

B) False

Lymph capillaries are absent from the central nervous system.

A) True

B) False

Lymph transports fats absorbed from the small intestine to the vena cava.

A) True

B) False

Deep lymphatic collecting vessels of the abdominal cavity travel alongside deep arteries.

A) True

B) False

The thymus is the only lymphatic organ that does not directly fight antigens.

A) True

B) False

To activate lymphocytes, bacteria must penetrate the epithelium of tonsils.

A) True

B) False

Vaccination mimics acquired immunity.

A) True

B) False