A&P II The Lymphatic System, Nonspecific Resistance to Disease, and Immunity Flashcards

What is the lymphatic system consisted of?

What are the lymphatic system functions?

What do lymphatic vessels begin as?

How is lymph formed?

Lymph capillaries merge to form larger vessels, called (a)_____ _____, which convey lymph into and out of structures called (b)_____ _____.

What is the passage of lymph?

Lymph flows as a result of ...

The _____ _____ is the main collecting duct of the lymphatic system and receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest, the left upper extremity, and the entire body below the ribs.

The _____ _____ ______ drains lymph from the upper right side of the body.

Among the lymphatic(lymphoid) tissue-containing components of the lymphatic system are ...

_____ _____ are encapsulated oval structures located along lymphatic vessels. They are scattered throughout the body, usually in groups.

What is the process once lymph enters the nodes?

Foreign substances filtered by the lymph nodes are trapped by (a)_____ _____ ______.

(b)_____ then destroy some foreign substances by phagocytosis and (c)_____ bring about the destruction of others by immune responses.

_____ _____ are the site of proliferation of plasma cells and T cells.

Why is the knowledge of the location of the lymph nodes and the direction of lymph flow important in the diagnosis and prognosis of the spread of cancer by metastasis?

_____ are multiple aggregations of large lymphatic nodules embedded in a mucous membrane at the junction of the oral cavity and the pharynx.

The tonsils include the (a)_____, (b)_____, and (c)_____ _____.

The tonsils are situated strategically to ...

The _____ is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body and is found in the left hypochondriac region between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphram.

The spleen is a site of ...

Abdominal trauma frequently causes a _____ _____ which, due to its capacity for blood storage, may cause severe intraperitoneal hemorrhage and shock.

_____ (removal of the spleen) is required to prevent death from blood loss.

The _____ ______ lies between the sternum and the heart and functions in immunity as the site of T cell maturation.

Lymphatic vessels develop from (a)_____ _____, which develop from (b)_____. Thus, they are derived from (c)_____.

Lymph nodes develop from (a)_____ _____ that become invaded by (b)_____ _____.

The ability to ward off disease using a number of defenses is called _____.

Lack of resistance is called _____.

Disease-producing organisms

_____ _____ refers to a wide variety of body responses against a wide range of pathogens and their toxins.

What are the three lines of defense?

_____ _____ include the intact epidermis layer of the skin, mucous membranes, the lacrimal apparatus, saliva, mucus, cilia, the eppiglottis,and the flow of urine.

_____ and _____ also may be considered mechanical processes that expel microbes.

_____ _____ are localized on the skin, in loose connective tissue, stomach and vagina.

The skin produces _____, which has a low pH due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and lactic acid.

_____ is an enzyme component of sweat which also has antimicrobial properties.

Areolar(loose) connective tissue contains _____ _____ , which helps contain infections to a localized area.

(1)_____ _____ renders the stomach nearly sterile since its low pH(1.0 - 2.5)kills many bacteria and destroys most of their toxins;(2)_____ _____ also are slightly acidic.

_____ _____ work against colonization by viruses and bacteria and provide a second line of defense should microbes penetrate the skin and mucous membranes.

What are the four types of antimicrobial substances?

Body cells infected with viruses produce proteins called _____. Once produced and released from virus-infected cells _____ diffuses to uninfected neighboring cells and binds to surface receptors,inducing uninfected cells to synthesize antiviral proteins that interfere with or inhibit viral replication. _____ also enhance the activity of phagocytes and natural killer(NK) cells,inhibit cell growth, and suppress tumor formation.

_____ ______ ______ have the ability to kill a wide variety of infectious microbes plus certain spontaneously arising tumor cells, their mechanisms of action and target recognition are poorly understood.

Natural killer cells are a type of _____.

A group of about 20 proteins present in blood plasma and on cell membranes comprises the _____ _____; when activated, these proteins enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions.

What are the three parts of the third line of defense?

_____ is the ingestion and destruction of microbes of any foreign particulate matter by cells called phagocytes.

What are the two categories of phagocytes?

What are the four phases of the mechanism of phagocytosis?

_____ occurs when cells are damaged by microbes, physical agents, or chemical agents. The injury may be viewed as a form of stress.

Inflammation is usually characterized by what symptoms?

The inflammatory response serves as a protective and defensive role by ...

What are the stages of the inflammatory response?

Among the substances that contribute to vasodilation, increased permeability and other aspects of the inflammatory response are ...

After phagocytes engulf damaged tissue and microbes, they eventually die, forming a pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue and fluid called (1)_____. This must drain out of the body or it accumulates in a confined space, causing an (2)_____. An (3)_____ may result from a prolonged inflammatory response to continuously injured tissue.

_____ is usually caused by infection from bacteria(and their toxins) and viruses. The high body temperature inhibits some microbial growth and speeds up body reactions that aid repair.

Specific resistance to disease involves the production of a specific lymphocyte or (1)_____ against a specific (2)_____ and is called (3)_____.

The branch of science that deals with the responses of the body when challenged by antigens is called _____.

Both T and B cells derive from stem cells in _____ _____.

T cells complete their maturation and develop immunocompetence(the ability to carry out immune responses if properly stimulated) in the ______

Before T cells leave the thymus or B cells leave the bone marrow, they acquire several distinctive surface proteins; some function as _____ _____, molecules capable of recognizing specific antigens.

_____ _____ _____ refers to destruction of antigens by T cells. It is particularly effective against intracellular pathogens, such as fungi, parasites, and viruses; some cancer cells; and foreign tissue transplants; thus, _____ always involves cells attacking cells.

_____ ______ ______ refers to destruction of antigens by antibodies. It works mainly against antigens dissolved in body fluids and extracellular pathogens,primarily bacteria, that multiply in body fluids but rarely enter body cells.

Often a pathogen provokes what type of immune response?

_____ are chemical substances that are recognized as foreign when introduced into the body. They are both immunogenic and reactive. They are large, complex molecules--most often proteins, but sometimes nucleoproteins,lipoproteins,glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.

Specific portions of antigen molecules, called (1)_____ _____, or (2)_____ trigger immune response.

Antigen receptors exhibit great diversity due to _____ ______.

_____ ______ _____ _____ are unique to each person's body cells. These self-antigens aid in the detection of foreign invaders.

All cells except _____ desplay MHC class I antigens.

_____ can recognize and bind to antigens in extracellular fluid.

_____ can only recognize fragments of antigenic proteins that first have been processed and presented in association with MHC self-antigens.

_____ fragments from foreign antigens help stimulate MHC molecules.

Most cells of the body can process and present _____ ______, antigens that were synthesized in a body cell(e.g. viral proteins from virus-infected cells).

Cells called _____ _____ _____ process exogenous antigens(antigens formed outside the body)and present them together with MHC class II molecules to T cells. _____ include macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells.

Steps in processing and presenting and exogenous antigen by an APC are:

_____ are small protein hormones needed for many normal cell functions. Some of them regulate immune responses.

An _____ is a protein that can combine specifically with the antigenic determinant on the antigen that triggered its production.

Antibodies consist of _____ and _____ chains and _____ and _____ portions.

Based on chemistry and structure, antibodies are grouped into five principal classes, each with specific biological roles. What are the five classes?

In a(1) _____ ______ ______ ______, an antigen is recognized(bound), a small number of T cells proliferate and differentiate into a clone of (2)_____ ______(a population of identical cells that can recognize the same antigen and carry out some aspect of the immune attack), and the antigen(intruder) is eliminated.

_____ ______ recognize antigens fragments associated with MHC molecules on the surface of a body cell.

Proliferation of T cells requires _____, by cytokines such as interleukin(IL-1) and interleukin-2(IL-2), or by pairs of plasma membrane molecules, one on the surface of the T cell and a second on the surface of an APC.

Name five subpopulations of T cells.

_____ display CD4 protein, recognize antigen fragments associated with MHC-II molecules, and secrete several cytokines, most importantly, interleukin-2

_____ develop from T cells that display CD8 protein and recognize antigen fragments associated with MHC-1 molecules.

_____ produce cytokines and are important in hypersensitivity(allergic)responses.

_____ are thought to be a class of T cells distinct from Th and Tc cells.They appear to down regulate immune responses by producing cytokines such as TGF-B which inhibits proliferation of B cells and T cells.

_____ are programmed to recognize the original invading antigen, allowing initiation of a much swifter reaction should the pathogen invade the body at a later date.

Cytotoxic T cells leave the lymphoid and migrate to the site of invasion, infection, or tumor formation. They recognize and attach to the target cell that bears the same antigen as the one that stimulated their activation and proliferation. They then eliminate invader cells by secreting (1)_____, which causes cytolysis; or (2)_____, which causes fragmentation of the DNA of a target cell. The also indirectly secrete (3)_____ _____ which attracts neutrophis and macrophages to the site and greatly increases their phagocytic activity. Finally, they detach from the target cell and can seek out and destroy another invader that displays the same antigen.

Whereas (1)_____ leave lymphoid tissue to meet a foreign antigen, (2)_____ stay put.

An activated B cell develops into a clone of antibody-producing plasma cells. These cells produce antibody at an incredible rate of (1)_____ molecules per second per cell for (2)_____ days until the plasma cell dies.

The activated B cells that do not differentiate into plasma cells remain as _____, ready to respond more rapidly and forcefully should the same antigen appear at a future time.

(1)_____ _____ are pure antibodies produced by fusing a B cell with a tumor cell that is capable of proliferating endlessly. The resulting cell is called a (2)_____. They are important in measuring levels of a drug in a patient's blood and in diagnosis of pregnancy, allergies, and diseases such as hepatitis, rabies, and some sexually transmitted diseases.

_____ _____ is due to the presence of long-lived antibodies and very long-lived lymphocytes that arise in proliferation and differentiation of antigen-stimulated B and T cells.