Campbell Biology: EXAM II REVIEW Flashcards

_________focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

A process that takes cells apart and seperates the major organelles

Organelle responsible for protein synthesis

Chloroplast are present in which types of cells?

Synthesis of lipids takes place in______ endoplasmic reticulum

This organelle consists of a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest food particles, damaged organelles, bacteria

This organelle helps in cellular respiration and generates ATP

Thylakoids are present in which organelle?

________ are made up of Actin filaments

Name an organelles that contain their own DNA

_______ focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen

Small subunit and large subunit

Continuous with the nuclear envelope, with ribosomes studding its surface

Site of protein synthesis, distributes transport vesicles

Continuous with the nuclear envelope, lacks ribosomes

Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. Cis and trans face

Modifies, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Types of vacuoles

A membranous sac which contains food

A membranous sac in protists

Pump excess water out of cells

Membranous sac in plants

Hold organic compounds and water

Smooth outer membrane, crostata (inner membrane foldings), inter embrace space, matrix contains free ribosomes

Function in photosynthesis

Organelle with single membrane

Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Three types: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Maintainence of cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, cell division

Organizes the cell's structure, shape, and activities, anchoring many organelles

Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables, contains proteins from one of proteins from keratin family

Maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina

Diameters in a middle range, hollow tubes; wall consisting of 13 columns of tubulin molecules

Maintenance of cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movement in cell division, organelle movement

Contains nuclear envelope, double membrane, nuclear pore, nuclear lamina, and nucleolus, and nucleoplasm

Located near nucleus and microtubules organizing center

Composed of nine sets of triplets microtubules arranged in a ring

Help organize microtubule assembly

Locomotor appendages of animal cells

The quality of an image depends on?

What are the two properties that all cells have?

The inner folded membrane of mitochondria are called____________

The channels between the adjacent plant cells are called__________

This type of junction fasten cells together into strong sheets and are also called anchoring junctions

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

The ratio of an object's image size to its real size

The measure of the clarity of the image

Visible differences in parts of the sample

A selective barrier primarily made of double layer of phospholipids

Functions of membrane carbohydrate

In which type of solution will a plant cell behave NORMAL (turgid)?

Name the channel protein used for facilitated diffusion of water across the plasma membrane

A type of Bulk transport where transport vesicles release their content outside the cell is known as?

During _____ transport a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient

During this type of endocytosis, a cell gulps fluid    into  vesicles (cellular drinking)

Contains DNA

A cell when kept in _______ solution crenates, plasmolyses

A cell when kept in _______ solution lyses

A cell when kept in _______ solution is flaccid

Diffusion of water molecule across selectively permeable membrane is called

Give an example of active transport?

• Integral proteins
• Cholestrol
• Na⁺ K^-
• Glycoprotein
• Glycolipids
• Carrier proteins
• Channel proteins
• Trans membrane proteins
• Peripheral proteins

All of the above are components of?

How does steroid (CHOLESTROL) affect membrane at cooler & warmer temperature?

The movement of substances down their concentration gradient

Vesicles are involved in what type of transport

Binding of ligands to receptors trigger vesicle formation in what kinds of Bulk transport?

What are three types of Endocytosis

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the help of carrier proteins

Give an example of carrier mediated diffusion

Molecules containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Name six major functions of membrane proteins

Proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel

Proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

A solution in which solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell and no net movement of water across the plasma membrane

A solution in which solute concentration is greater outside the cell; cell loses water

A solution in which solute concentration is greater inside the cell; cell gains waterc

The control of water balance

In what kind of diffusion does transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane

What kind of proteins provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane

Name an example of a disease caused by malfunctions in specific transport systems (FROM POWEPOINT)

In what kind of transport does the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane?

In what kind of transport does a cell engulf a particle in a vacuole?

Any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule

______ open or close in response to a stimulus

During this phase of Interphase, the DNA duplication/replication happens

Which phase of the cell cycle takes 90% of the entire time required for cell division

The narrow waist where two chromatids are joined together is called

During this phase of Mitosis, the chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

During this phase of Mitosis, two identical nuclei are formed around identical sets of chromosomes

Binary fission happens in this type of organisms

Cell plate formation and cleavage furrowing are examples of ?

Cell plate formation takes place in?

Cleavage furrowing takes place in?

A complex of DNA and protein is called?

Name the two steps of cell cycle

Key roles of cell division

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into?

These cells have two sets of chromosomes

In this phase the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

In this phase daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

DNA is wrapped around which protein?

Name the three stages of Interphase

The energy in the system is Constant. This is stated in which law of Thermodynamics (1 ^st  or 2 ^{_ nd} )

The site of enzyme where it interacts with its substrate is called?

The non-protein helpers of the enzyme are known as

Examples of Coezymes

A reaction that releases energy is known as

Example of endergonic reaction

What does the second law of Thermodynamics say

Name the components of ATP

The target molecule of an enzyme

These inhibitors compete for enzyme's active site and block substrates from entering active site

These inhibitors bind at allosteric sites, change shape of the enzyme

Zn, Fe, or Cu are examples of

Energy of motion

Energy as a result of its location

The capacity to do work

Cellular respiration is a example of

Requires an input of energy and yields products rich in potential energy

How many ATP molecule(s) are formed through the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during cellular respiration

Name the molecule which acts as the final electron acceptor of the hydrogen ion and converts it into water

Which molecule is oxidized during cellular respiration

How many ATP molecules are formed during energy pay-off phase of glycolysis

Which steps of cellular respiration involve substrate level phosphorylation

During the Bridge reaction, Pyruvic acid is converted to?

NADH AND FADH _2  are?

How many total NADH molecule(s) are formed during the Kreb cycle (ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE)

What is the location/site for Electron transport chain

The process through which glucose molecules are converted into ethanol and CO _2  in the absence of oxygen is known as

Substance gains electrons

Oxidation and reduction reactions are called

What is the net ATPS and NADH gain at the end of Glycolysis?

Where does glycolysis takes place?

The Krebs cycle generates_______ATP,_______NADH, and ______FADH₂ per one glucose molecule

Which step of cellular respiration generates 90% of ATP?

What is the location of chemiosmosis?

Which steps of cellular respiration require oxygen

How many ATPs are produced during substrate level phosphorylation?

Where does bridge reaction takes place?

What percentage of energy of a glucose molecule is converted into ATP?

Cheese and yogurt are formed through what type of fermentation?

Substrate level phosphorylation generates what percentage of total ATP produced during cellular respiration?

What organic molecule is produced at the end of glycolysis?

These organisms are producers of the biosphere

These organisms are the consumers of the biosphere

The green pigment within chloroplast

CO₂ enters and O₂ exits the lead through these microscopic pores

Connected sacs in the chloroplasts

Thylakoids stacked in columns

A dense fluid in chloroplast

The process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

Photo in photosynthesis means?

Synthesis in photosynthesis means?

What are the reactants for photosynthesis?

What are the products of photosynthesis?

What is oxidized and reduced in photosynthesis?

Where does light reaction takes place?

Where does Calvin cycle takes place?

Which stage of photosynthesis produces oxygen?

Name the organic molecule formed during dark reaction

Which photosystem releases NADPH?

P700 is the other name for which photosystem?

The distance between crest of waves

Lower wavelength =?

Consists of wavelengths that drive photosynthesis

Light consists of discrete particles called?

Substances that absorb visible light

These assessor pigments absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophylll

Which photosystem functions first

In which stage of light reaction the water molecule is split?

What is the other name for Calvin cycle?

During which stage of photosynthesis, sugar is produced?

Which stage of photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide?

Three phases of Calvin cycle in order

Carbon fixation is catalyzed by?

Name the organic molecule which is regenerated in the Calvin cycle

What is the name of the sugar produced during Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH is used up during which stage of photosynthesis?

How many molecules of CO _2  are fixed for net synthesis of 1G3P?