The ability to ward off disease through body defenses is called __________
immunity
Lack of immunity is called ________________
susceptibility
Innate immunity:
Inborn defenses against any pathogen (always there)
Adaptive immunity: Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen
Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen
The body’s first line of defense against infections is
a physical barrier and the nonspecific chemicals
of the healthy
skin and mucous membranes.
True or False
Some pathogens can penetrate mucous membranes.
true
_______ traps many microorganisms that enter the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
Mucus
in the lower respiratory tract, the _____________ moves mucus up and out.
ciliary escalator
Second line of defense A microbe’s penetration of the first line of
defense encourages production of phagocytes, inflammation,
fever, and antimicrobial substances.
encourages production of phagocytes, inflammation,
fever, and
antimicrobial substances.
True or False During many infections, the number of leukocytes increases (leukocytosis);
True
True or False some infections are characterized by leukopenia (decrease in leukocytes).
True
Phagocytosis is the
ingestion of microorganisms or particulate matter by a cell
__________ are the most important phagocytes
neutrophils
___________ is a bodily response to cell damage;
Inflammation
Inflammation is characterized by
-
-
-
-
-
redness,
pain,
heat,
swelling,
and
sometimes the loss of function
List the steps of Inflammation
-
-
-
1. Chemicals released by damaged cells. (histamine, kinins,
prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines)
2. Blood clot forms
3. Abscess starts to form (dark yellow area
_________ can form around an abscess to prevent dissemination of the infection
Blood clots
Fever is an
an abnormally high body temperature produced in response to a bacterial or viral infection
Compliment 3 does nothing until it splits into
C3A and C3B
C3B causes
opsonization
opsonization
coats the intruder to make him more delicious to the wbc's
__________ consists of a group of serum proteins that activate one
another to destroy
invading microorganisms
The complement system
Complement proteins are activated in a ________
cascade
_____ activation can result in cell lysis, inflammation, and opsonization
C3
Interferons (IFNs) are
antiviral proteins produced in response to viral infection
True or False
Interferons are host-cell–specific but not virus-specific
True
The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens
Serology
Antiserum
The generic term for serum because it contains Ab
Globulins:
Serum proteins
Immunoglobulins:
Antibodies
Gamma () globulin:
Gamma () globulin: Serum fraction containing Ab
4 Types of Adaptive Immunity
1. Naturally acquired active Immunity
2. Naturally acquired
passive immunity
3. Artificially acquired active immunity
4. Artificially acquired passive immunity
Resulting from infection
...
An antigen (or immunogen) is a
chemical substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies
antigens are proteins or large polysaccharides
proteins or large polysaccharides
The Y part of the antibody is called the
a) variable
b) constang
A. variable
the variable reason can pick up
2
what are the 5 antibodies
IgG
IgM
True or False
Antibodies are formed against specific
regions on antigens called epitopes, or antigenic determinants.
True
An antibody, or immunoglobulin, is a protein produced by __________
B cells
Typical monomers consist of _______ polypeptide chains:
four
The 4 Typical polypeptide chains:
two heavy chains and two light chains.
Is the antibody produced by b cells humoral or adaptive
Humoral
__________ immunity involves antibodies
Humoral
_________ immunity involves T cells
Cellular
1.___________ region that binds the epitope and a 2.___________
region that distinguishes the different classes of antibodies.
a)constant (c)
b)variable (V)
1. B
2. C
An antibody monomer is ___-shaped or ____-shaped:
Y or T
the 1.______ form the tips, the 2.______ form the
base and FC
(stem) region
1. V recions form the tips
2. the C regions form the Base