Jonas Goodstart has been a patient at Happy Valley Community Hospital for 5 days. During his stay in the hospital, he was taken to the diagnostic imaging department several times for diagnostic imaging procedures, He was cared for each time he went to that department by a radiographer who had a severe upper respiratory infection. Two days after he returned home from the hospital, he also developed a severe respiratory infection. It would be appropriate to say that Mr. Goodstart had developed:
a nosocomial infection
Mary Mandura, an 82-year-old white female, has been hospitalized for several weeks as a result of multiple injuries suffered in an automobile accident. She has been treated with a series of broad spectrum antibiotics to discourage infection. Ms. Mandura now has severe diarrhea, and the stool culture has produced Clostridium difficle. This would be called:
A superinfection
The skin, the hair, the acidic condition of stomach and intestines:
the first line of defense against infection.
The inflammatory response:
the second line of defense against infection.
Antigen-antibody response:
the third line of defense against infection.
Acquired immunity:
active production or receipt of antibodies.
Natural active acquired immunity:
antibodies acquired by having a particular disease.
There is currently less reason to be concerned about contracting HIV because there is improved treatment and the disease is no longer fatal.
FALSE
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are bloodborne viral infections. When you are caring for persons known to have either of these disease, use the following infection control techniques:
a. Wear gloves if you may come in contact with blood or body substances
b. Wear goggles if there is a possibility of your being splashed with blood or body substances
Explain the difference between Tier 1 and Tier 2 infection control precautions.
Tier 1 precautions are the basic standards for health care workers. This keeps health care workers and patients safe, and saves the worker the time it takes to differentiate from the different levels of protection from different diseases. There are differences for blood and body fluids, but these are the general rules for hospitals and health care facilities. Tier 2 precautions are procedures based on the possible transmission of diseases. The three main subjects are airborne isolation, droplet isolation, and contact isolation. These are expanded precautions for communicable diseases. Most of these are applied by the health care worker for the specific patient, and is case-by-case.
HIV, or the disease that it produces, is transmitted by direct or indirect contact with infected blood or body substances.
TRUE
Food and Drug Administration
Regulates the manufacture and sale of medications to protect health of U.S. citizens
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Conducts multicenter studies on diseases and publishes a weekly outline on the statistics of infectious diseases in the United States.
World Health Organization
Receives data concerning infectious disease from all countries and compiles a report for every country.
The Joint Commission
Sets requirements for hospital safety and infection control practices.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Controls disposal of medical waste.
The radiographer should always dress for the workplace with infection control in mind. This means that:
Clothing must be washable; fingernails must be kept short; shoes must be comfortable and have closed toes; and no jewelry is worn.
Microorganisms that need a host cell to reproduce and are virtually unresponsive to antimicrobial drugs are:
Viruses
When a person is in the incubation period of the disease process, the radiographer has no control over its transmission.
FALSE
The radiographer must use strict infection control measures that include blood and body substance precautions for:
Every patient who enters the diagnostic imaging department.
Blood and body substance precautions include:
Use of clean, disposable gloves for contact of the hands with blood or body fluids, a mask and goggles if blood or body fluids may spray on your face, and a gown if the blood and body fluids may touch your clothing for any patient care that may involve contact with blood or body fluids.
The most common means of spreading infection are:
Human hands.
The elements need to produce an infection are a source, a host, and a means of transmission. An example of a source of infection might be:
a. A radiography student who has a cold and comes to work
b. A visitor in the hospital who has a "fever blister" on her mouth
c. A patient who develops pneumonia
A safety precaution that must be taken when disposing o fused hypodermic needles and syringes is:
To place the syringe immediately after use with the uncapped needle attached directly into the contaminated waste receptacle provided
Indirect contact
Touching objects that have been contaminated with disease-producing microbes.
Vehicle contact
Ingesting contaminated water, food, drugs, or blood.
Airborne contact
Inhaling air contaminated with infectious microbes.
Droplet contact
Contact with secretions transferred by sneezing, coughing, or talking.
Direct contact
Touching contaminated material with hands.
When caring for a patient whom you know to be infected with HIV and who does not have AIDS, you use standard blood and body fluid precautions and:
b. Keep all information concerning the patient confidential
c. Keep the patient's chart in a place where it cannot be read by others
The radiographer who has received a needle-stick injury is obliged to notify his supervisor at the end of the work day.
FALSE- notify supervisor immediately.
Hand hygiene is to be used in the following situations by radiographers in the workplace:
a. Before caring for a patient
b. After caring for a patient
c. When preparing of an invasive procedure
If it is not possible to find a sink to wash hands, it is safe to use alcohol-based hand rubs.
TRUE
The route of transmission of MRSA, VRE, VRSA, and ESBL is
direct contact.
When the radiographer is to enter the newborn nursery, he must do the following:
b. always scrub his hands for 3 minutes
c. always clean his equipment with a disinfectant solution
The radiographer entering the room of a patient with tuberculosis must wear the following:
b. an N95 respirator mask