What are the two layers that make up the skin?
Epidermis, dermis
The epidermis is made up of what type of tissue?
Epithelial
The dermis is made up of what type of tissue?
Connective
The hypodermis is also called?
Superficial fascia
What anchors the skin to underlying structures (muscles) and is mostly made up of adipose tissue?
Hypodermis (superficial fascia)
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
stratum basale
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
What are the cell types located in the epidermis?
keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic and tactile
Dendritic cells are also called?
Langerhans
Tactile cells are also called?
Merkel
Keratinocyets are tightly connected by what?
Desmosomes
Which types of cells are macrophages that are key activators of the immune system?
Dendritic/Langerhans
Which cells are sensory touch receptors?
Tactile/Merkel
Which layer of the epidermis consists of a single row of stem cells?
Stratum basale
Which layer, also known as the prickly layer, contains prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes, and has abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells?
Stratum spinosum
Which layer has flattened cells and is where keratinization begins, and has water-resistant glycolipids to slow water loss?
Stratum granulosum
Which layer, also known as the clear layer, only exists in thick skin?
Stratum lucidum
Which layer, also known as the horny layer, consists of 20-30 rows of dead, flat, anucleate keratinized membranous sacs, that protect from abrasion and penetration?
Stratum corneum
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death (in the DNA)
What cells are located in the dermis?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and white blood cells
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary, reticular
What are dermal papillae?
Superficial peg-like projections
What are the touch receptors located in the dermal papillae?
Meissner's corpuscles
What creates fingerprints and enhance gripping ability?
friction ridges
Which layer of the dermis contains dense fibrous connective tissue, elastic fibers for stretch-recoil properties, and collagen fibers?
reticular layers
What are the collagen fibers parallel to the skin surface that are important to surgeons?
cleavage lines
What are the dermal folds at or near joints?
flexure lines
What are silvery-white scars otherwise known as stretch marks called?
striae
Where are striae located?
the dermis
What are fluid filled pockets that separate the epidermal and dermal layers?
blisters
What are the pigments that contribute to skin color?
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
Sunspots, also known as tinea versicolor, are what?
fungal infections
Melanin is produced where?
melanocytes
Carotene accumulates where?
stratum corneum and hypodermis
Bronzing is due to inadequate hormones, such as in what disease?
Addison's disease
What are the appendages of the skin?
hair, hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands
what is the smooth muscle attached to the follicle that is responsible for goose bumps?
arrector pili
What is the pale, fine body hair of children and adult females?
vellus
What is the coarse, long hair of eyebrows and scalp?
terminal
Sweat glands are also known as ?
sudoriferous
What are the main types of sweat glands?
eccrine, apocrine
Which type of sweat glands also produce protein?
apocrine
Which is the most abundant sweat gland, located in palms, soles and forehead?
eccrine
Which glands function in thermoregulation?
eccrine
which glands are located in axillary and anogenital areas?
apocine
which gland produces sweat, fatty substances and proteins?
apocrine
which gland has ducts that empty into pores?
eccrine
which glands have sweat that empties into hair follicles?
apocrine
which type of glands are modified apocrine glands that line the external ear canal and secrete cerumen (ear wax)?
ceruminous
which type of glands are modified apocrine glands that secrete milk?
mammary
Which type of skin cancer is most commom, stratum basale cells proliferate and invade dermis and hypodermis
basal cell carcinoma
what is the second most common form of skin cancer that involves keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum, metastacizes and is scaly, reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip and hands?
squamous cell carcinoma
What is the most dangerous type of cancer?
melanoma
Which degree of burn causes only epidermal damage ?
first degre
which degree of burn causes epidermal and upper dermal damage and blisters appear?
second degree
which degree of burn damages the entire thickness of the skin and usually requires skin grafting?
third degree
What is vernix caseosa?
sebaceous gland secretion, protects skin of fetus