Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You Flashcards

Microbes are not responsible for:

The cell theory states that_______are made up of cells.

In Pasteur's swan neck flask experiment, the importance of the S-shaped curves in the flasks was two-fold. The curves allowed entry of air, and yet excluded:

Pasteurization was first developed to kill_______in wine.

Robert Koch's studies on Bacillus anthracis established a sequence of experimental steps to prove that microbes:

An exposure to________protects against infection with smallpox.

Ehrlich searched for a/an___________. This is a chemical that would hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host.

How would you recognize an antibiotic-producing soil bacterium on a plate crowded with other bacteria? The bacterial colony producing the antibiotic would be:

The usefulness of antibiotics is hampered by:

All life can be classified into three domains:

Which is not a characteristic of bacteria?

All of the following are eukaryotes except:

Which of the following is not true of the archaea?

Using microbes to clean up pollutants is called:

Placing the DNA from an animal cell into the genome of a bacterium will allow the bacterium to produce an animal product. This new piece of DNA is referred to as:

Which of the following properties are true of both bacteria and viruses?

Which is not a characteristic of the normal microbiota?

Increased human exposure to new and unusual infectious agents in areas that are undergoing ecologic changes accounts for the:

Mad cow disease is caused by a prion which is an infectious:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is transmitted by:

Robert Hooke's observation of the individual units in thin layers of cork tissue led to the development of______theory.

Pasteur, Bassi, and Lister made discoveries showing the relationship between microbes and diseases. These discoveries led to the_______.

Lister knew that carbolic acid (phenol) kills bacteria. He used it as the first_______.

The protection from disease provided by vaccination is called______.

One of the biggest challenges for immunologists today is learning how the immune system might be stimulated to ward off the virus responsible for __________, a disease that destroys the immune system.

The __________ are unicellular, eukaryotic microbes that move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia

Methods that prevent contamination of materials by unwanted microbes are called __________ techniques.

__________ involves the ability afforded by genetic engineering to insert a missing gene or replace a defective gene in a human cell.

__________ disease is one in which pathogens invade a susceptible host.

Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and algae are all examples of __________.

Microorganisms

Devised the system for naming organisms

Devised cell theory, said life smallest structures looked like little boxes

Methanogens, Extreme Halophilic, Extreme Thermophilic

Rod shaped bacteria

Developed the first vaccine, vaccinated children from small pox

First microbiologist, discovered and viewed bacteria and protozoa

Ball shaped bacteria

Small internal structures that do a job for the cell

English bacteriologist who discovered penicillin (1881-1955

polysaccharides

Spiral shaped bacteria

Three shapes of bacteria

Likes salty conditions

Likes hot conditions

Two types of Fungi:

Visible masses on mold composed from hyphae

Fungi, multicellular, forms mycelia

Long filaments in mycelia

False feet

Short appendages

Living cells come from living cells

Life comes from non-living matter

Tested two jars with raw meat, one with a gauze for air and the other without a lid or gauze, the jar without the lid or gauze developed maggots

Disproved spontaneous generation, developed aseptic techniques to prevent contamination, discovered how fermentation and pasteurization work

Heating to kill bacteria that causes spoilage

Yeasts convert sugars into alcohol in the absence of air

Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, Viruses

Said cells arise from preexisting cells

Established the system of nomenclature for naming organisms

devised a system of classification for grouping organisms into domains

laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory

was the first to observe microorganisms using a simple microscope

demonstrated that maggots appeared on decaying meat only when flies were able to lay eggs on the meat

claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth; claimed a
“vital force” was necessary for spontaneous generation

suggested that Needham’s results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth

showed the importance of oxygen to life

introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from preexisting cells

demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis;
discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms; found that yeast ferment sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid; technique of pasteurization is named after him

originally proved one silkworm disease was caused by a fungus; he and Pasteur later found that a more recent silkworm infection was caused by a protozoan

demostrated that physicians who did not disinfect their hands routinely transmitted infections

used phenol red (carbolic acid) to successfully treat surgical wounds thereby proving a connection with microbes and surgical infection

proved that microorganisms cause disease; he used a
sequence of procedures, now called Koch’s postulates, that are used today to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease

demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity to smallpox

introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called
salvarsan to treat syphilis

observed that the Penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture. He named the active ingredient penicillin

Researchers who studies biodegradation of toxic wastes.

Researchers who studies the causative agent of Ebola hemorrhagic fever

Researchers who studies the production of human proteins by bacteria

Researchers who studies the symptoms of AIDS

Researchers who studies the production of toxins by E.coli

Researchers who studies the life cyle of Crptosporidium

Researchers who develops gene therapy for a disease

Researchers who studies the fungus Candida albicans

Not composed of cells

Cell wall made of chitin

Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Cell wall made of cellulose; photosynthetic

Unicellular, complex cell structure lacking a cell wall

Multicellular animals

Prokaryote without peptidoglycan cell wall

Discovered how DNA controls proteins synthesis in a cell

Discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another

First to characterize a virus

Observed that viruses are filterable

Proved that DNA are is the hereditary material

Showed that gene codes for enzymes

Spliced animal DNA to bacterial DNA

Used bacteria to produce acetone

Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent

Proposed a classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls