Nervous system Flashcards

Inflammation of the meninges

1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia mater

1. (tough mother) most superficial layer
2. middle layer,
3. (soft mother) adheres tightly to tissues its protecting, (most deep layer)

fancy term for crossing over

response goes in one side and leaves from the same side

response goes in one side and leaves from a different side

1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater
3. arachnoid trebeculae 4. pea mater
5. cerebral cortex 6. subdural space
7. subarachnoid space 8. perivascular space

1. spinal nerve 2. spinal cord 3. white matter
4. ventral horn 5. gray matter 6. dorsal horn
7. dorsal root ganglion 7. ventral root

1. lateral horn (preganglionic sympathetic neurons, only in segments T1 - L2)
2. dorsal horn of gray matter 3. dorsal root
4. dorsal root ganglion 5. spinal nerve
6. Dorsal primary ramus (to skin and muscles)
7. ventral primary ramus 8. sensory fiber

9. postgangionic sympathetic innervation (glands, blood vessels)
10. motor axon (to skeletal muscle)
11. white ramus communicans
12. sympathetic (paravertebral) ganglion
13. Gray ramus communicans
14. ventral root
15. ventral horn (contains motor neurons)

one of the spinally mediated reflexes normally present in the first 2 months of life, demonstrated by the adduction and extension of one leg when the foot of the other leg is stimulated. When present in adults, it indicates hyperactive reflexes.

1. cerebral plexus
2. brachial plexus
3. lumbar plexus
4. sacral plexus

an area of the skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve

-fully eradicated when you get better.
- hang out in the spinal cord until it senses you are weak and will then come out and reinfect an area in addults.
-shingles

1. epineurium 2. interfascicular epineurium
3. endoneurium 4. axon
5. schwann cell 6. perineurium

1. till about 25 years old
2. frontal lobe
A. decision making, personality, religiosity

1. metensephalon 2. mesencephalon 3. diencephalon
4. telensephalon 5. myelencephalon 6. midbrain
7. cervical 8. flexures 9.spinal cord
10. 5 weeks

1. cerebral hemisphere 2. outline of diensephalon
3. midbrain 4. cerebellum 5. pons
6. medulla oblongata 7. spinal cord 8. 13 weeks

1. cerebral hemisphere 2. cerebellum
3. pons 4. medulla oblongata
5. spinal cord 6. 26 weeks

1. cerebral hemisphere 2. diencephalon
3. cerebellum 4. brain stem
5. midbrain 6. pons 7. medulla oblongata

- 26 weeks
- the cerebral cortex is now maid and they can now feel.

A. forebrain 1. cerebrum 2. diencephalon
B. brainstem 3. midbrain 4. pons
5. Medulla oblongata 6. cerebellum
C spinal cord

1. Coordinates somatic motor function
2. Adjusts output of somatic motor centers resulting in smooth operation

1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
4.epithalamus

1. superior portion of the brain stem
2. A. Processes visual and auditory data
B. Maintains consciousness and alertness

1. middle of the brain stem
2. A. Relays information to the thalamus and cerebellum
B. Regulates subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

1. inferior portion of the brain stem
2. A. Relays information to the thalamus and brain stem
B. Regulates visceral function

1. Conscious thought processes
2. Memory storage
3. Conscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

1. third ventricle 2. septum pellucidum
3. interthalamic adhesion 4. frontal lobe
5. anterior commissure 6. hypothalamus
7. optic chiasm 8. pituitary gland
9. temporal lobe 10. mammillary body
11. pons 12. medulla oblongata 13. spinal cord

1. parietal lobe 2. corpus collosum
3. fornix 4. choroid plexus
5. occipital lobe 6. thalamus 7. pineal body/gand
8. corpora quadrigemina 9. cerebral aqueduct
10. midbrain 11. arbor vitae 12. fourth ventricle 13. choroid plexus 14. cerebellum

1. frontal lobe 2. parietal lobe
3. temporal lobe 4. occipital lobe

1. voluntary motor functions
2. concentration
3. verbal communication
4. decision making
5. planning
6. personality

1. general sensory functions
2. understanding speech
3. formulating words

1. hearing
2. smell

1. conscious perception of visual stimuli
2. integration of eye focusing movements
3. correlation of visual images w/ previous visual experiences

1. hypothalamus 2. pituitary
3. infundibulum 4. anterior pituitary gland
5. posterior pituitary gland

1. Anterior pituitary gland
2. Posterior pituitary gland

1. up (adrenohypothesis)
2. down (neurohypothysis)

1. thyrotropic cells = thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
2. Mammotropic cells = prolactin (PRL)
3. corticotropic cells = Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

4. somatotropic cells = growth hormone (GH)
5. Gonadotropic cells = follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
6. Gonadotropic cells - Luteinizing hormone (LH)
7. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
2. oxytocin

1. lateral ventricles 2. third ventricle
3. fourth ventricle 4. subarachnoid space in brain and spinal cord.

Arachnoid villi

fluid flows at a faster rate. because cells in brain shrink while sleeping

nutrients and wastes. it replenishes

1. arachnoid is damages and cant reabsorb fluid.
2. brain swells
3. if pressure cant be released brain is forced into foramen magnum and will die

1. olfactory (I) 2. optic nerve (II)
3. oculomotor (III) 4. trochlear (IV)
5. trigeminal (V) 6. abducens (VI)
7. facial nerve (VII) 8. vestibulocochlear (VIII)
9. glossopharungeal (IX) 10. vagus (X)
11. hypoglossal (XII) 12. accessory (XII)

it gets diffused from blood vessels and CSF into the brain

provides a vascular pathway from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland

1. superior sagital sinus 2. transverse sinus

Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain

emotion and memory

1. cingulate gyrus 2. parahippocampal gyrus
3. hippocampus 4. amygdoid body
5. olfactory 6. fornix
7. anterior thalamic nuclei 8. habenular nuclei
9. septal nuclei 10. mammillary bodies

activating systems. wakes you up

1. smell
2. vision
3. eyelid and eyeball movement
4. innervates superior oblique, turnes eye downward and laterally

5. chewing, face + mouth touch + pain
6. turns eye laterally
7. controls most facial expressions, secretion of tears + saliva taste
8. hearing, equilibrium, sensation

9. taste, senses carotid blood pressure
10. taste, senses aortic BP, slows heart rate, stimulates digestive organs
11. controls trapezius+ sternocleidomastoid, controls swallowing movements
12. controls tongue movements

1. auditory cortex
2. somatosensory cortex
3. visual cortex
4. taste cortex

1. reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
2. movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
3. visual processing
4. perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory and speech

tympanic membrane-> malleus-> incus-> stapes-> oval window-> cochlea-> auditory nerve-> auditory cortex-> ornike region-> frontal lobe

1. specific asscending pathway 2. cerebral cortex
3. spinal cord 4.touch 5. temperature
6. nonspecific ascending pathway 7. touch
8. temperature

1. highest level 2. sensorimotor cortex
3. basal ganglia 4. thalamus
5. brainstem 6. cerebellum
7. local level (brainstem and spinal cord)
8. receptors 9. muscle fibers
10. highest level 11. middle level 12. local level

1. red = sympathetic
2. blue = parasympathetic

1. stimulating the phrenic nerve
2. once stimulation of the phrenic nerve stops

1. movement of air into and out of respiratory system

1. ventilation: exchange of air b/w atmosphere and alvioli by bulk flow
2. exchange of O2 + CO2 b/w alveolar air and blood in lun capillaries by diffusion.
3. transport of O2 +CO2 through pulmonary and systemic circulation by bulk flow
4. exchange of O2 + CO2 b/w blood in tissue capillaries and cells in tissues by diffusion
5. cellular utilization of )2 and production of CO2

1. pharyngeal tonsil 2. nasopharynx
3. uvula 4. oropharunx
5. laryngopharynx 6. esophogus
7. epiglottis

1. primary bronchi
2. secondary bronchi
3. tertiary bronchi

1. transports air, little oxygen is absorbed
2. oxygen is absorbed

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

transports mucus to larynx where it is swallowed and digested

1. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2. smooth muscle begins to replace C cartilage
3. increased muscle replacing cartilage
4. nonciliated simple columnar to cuboidal epithelium, no cartilage, no goblet cells
5. epithelium begins to be squamous like
6. simple squamous epithelium, 2 types

is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways.

To treat with a medicated spray.

1. branch of pulmonary artery
2. branch of pulmonary vein

surfactants

1. parietal pleura 2. visceral pleura
3. pericardial membranes 4. pleural cavity
5. thoracic wall 6. mediastinum
7. anterior mediastinum

1. diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract
2. thorax expands
3. Pip becomes more subatmospheric
4. t Transpulmonary pressure
5. lungs expand
6. Palv becoms subatmospheric
7. air plows into alveoli

1. diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals stop contractin
2. chest wall recoils inward
3. Pip back toward preinspirarion value
4. transpulmonary pressure back toward preinspiration value

5. Lungs recoil toward preinspiration size
6. air in alveoli becomes compressed
7. Palv becomes greater than Patm
8. air flows out of lungs

...

1. the volume of air you can hold or expel when taking a forceful breath
2. the volume of air that you move into or out of lungs at rest, ~1/2 L for avg sized male

1. detect pressure change within body surfaces
2. detect chemicals/specific molecules dissolved in fluid; respond to odors and tastes in fluids

1. chemoreceptors
2. CO2 and carbonmonoxide, less

the tubular passage that extends from mouth to anus

1. smooth muscle
2. anal sphincter

Situated behind the peritoneum.

1. A. teeth
b. tongue
C. muscle
2. A. liver
B. gall bladder
C. pancreas

1. cardiac/esphogeal sphincter
2. pyloric sphincter
3. ileocecal valve
4. anal sphincter

the constant contraction of muscles to move things down a tube

1. mechanical breakdown of food fromchewing and churning in stomach
2.chemical breakdown from saliva and other fluids

intrinsic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract

1. serosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis mucosa
4. longitudinal muscle 5. circular muscle

1. a substance that is secreted by the stomach wall and converted into the enzyme pepsin by gastric acid.
2. protein that helps your intestines absorb vitamin B12

1. chief cells
2. parietal cells
3. goblet cells
4. enteroendocrine cells

1. synthesize and secrete hormones = pepsinogen (converted to pepsin)
2. secretes HCl- + intrinsic factor
3. secretes acidic mucin (mucus)
4. secrete gastrin

1. digests + denatures proteins
2. denatures proteins
3. helps with B12 absorption
4. hormones that enters blood + stimulates chief + parietal cells to secrete + contractile muscles of gastric music

1. pancreas
2. Gall bladder
3. liver

1. secretes enzymes that help break down food
2. holds bile produced in the liver until it is needed for digesting fatty foods
3. produces bile, detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals

1. exocrine cells
2. endocrine cells
3. duct cells

1. secretes enzymes
2. secrete bicarbonate

1. (circular folds) help increase surface area for better absorption + act as speed bumps to slow down movement of chyme
2. lymphatic capillaries

...

1. absorptive cells 2. goblet cells
3. central lacteal 4. capillaries
5. arteriole 6. tight junctions
7. desmosome 8. mitochondria

most likely a resivior for immune cells

removes water, salt, and some nutrients forming stool

1. fat
2. protection

1. endocrine
2. exocrine

1. producing hormones
2. absorbing minerals
3. filtering blood
4. producing urine

1. renal pelvis 2. prenal pyramid
2. cortex 4. medulla

renal A.-> renal segmental A.-> lobar A.-> interlobar A-> arcuate A-> interlobular A-> afferent arteriole-> glomerulus-> efferent arteriole-> peritubular cappilaries

1. cortical nephron
2. juxtamedullary nephron

1. A. glomerulus B. boman's space
2. A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. proximal straight tubule
3. A. descending thin limb B. ascending thin limb
C. ascending thick limp

4. distal convoluted tubule
5. A. collecting tubule B. cortical collecting tubule C. medullary collecting duct

glomerulus-> bowmans space in bowmans capsule-> proximal convoluted tubule-> proximal straight tubule-> descending thin limb of Henle's loop-> ascending thin limb of Henles loop-> ascending thick limb of henles loop-> distal convoluted tubule-> connecting tubule-> cortical collecting duct-> medulary collecting duct-> renal pelvis

1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular secretion
3. tubular reabsorption

podocyte

causes opening of aquaporons (water channels) which allows you to reabsorb more water

it blocks it

enzyme secreted by kidneys to increase blood sodium levels

a diuretic

fancy word for peeing

promotes salt and water excretion and lowers blood pressure

from collecting duct-> papillary duct-> minor calyx -> majore calyx-> renal pelvis-> ureter-> urinary bladder->urethra

1. female 2. hormones 3. nonviable female

1. female
2. male
3. nonviable female

there are genes that differentiate you to develop testis

1. same embriological origin
2. same function ie. wing of a bat = wing of a bird

1. lobule 2. tunica albuginea
3. tunica vaginalis

lobules

1. develops in testies
2. matures in epididymus
3. travels up vas deferens
4. most ejaculant liquid comes from seminal vessical
5. this meets in the ejaculatory duct with sperm
6. out through urethra

the most common place for a male hernea

The products of conception; that is, the embryo, chorionic sac, placenta, and fetal membranes.

1. spermatogenisis 2. meiosis(early spermatogenisis
3. spermatogenisis (late spermatogenisis)
4. spermatogonium 5. mitosis 6. meiosis 1
7. meiosis 2 8. spermatosoa

...

1. has enzymes that helps penetrate the ovum
2. powers the tail of sperm

gap junctions

1. endometrium (epithelium)
2. myometrium (muscle)
3. perimetrium

1. ovarian cycle
2. menstrual cycle

when an ovum implants anywhere its not supposed to

1. prior to pregnancy, ducts w/ few alveoli exist
2. in early pregnency, alveoli grow
3. in midpregnency, alveoli enlarge and acquire lumen
4. during lactation, alveoli dilate
5. after weaning, gland regresses

1. site
2. estrogens