The end-products of chemical digestion of carbohydrates are [a] , of proteins are [b], of lipids are [c] and [d], and of nucleic acids are [e], [f], and [g].
Correct Answers for: a monosaccharides
Correct Answers for: b amino acids
Correct Answers for: c monoglycerides
Correct Answers for: d fatty acids
Correct Answers for: e pentoses
Correct Answers for: f phosphates
Correct Answers for: g nitrogenous bases
The end-products of chemical digestion of carbohydrates are
monosaccharides
The end-products of chemical digestion of proteins are
amino acids
The end-products of chemical digestion of lipids are
monoglycerides and fatty acids
The end-products of chemical digestion of nucleic acids are
pentoses, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases
List the mechanisms of absorption of materials in the small intestine: [a], [b], [c], and [d].
Correct Answers:
a. diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion
c. osmosis
d. active transport
The soft palate, uvula, and epiglottis prevent swallowed foods and liquids from entering the respiratory passages.
Correct Answer: True
The coordinated contractions and relaxations of the muscularis which propels materials through the GI tract is known as peristalsis.
Correct Answer: True
Which of the following are mismatched?
motility: mechanical processes that break apart ingested food into small molecules
Which of the following are true concerning the peritoneum? (1) The kidneys and pancreas are retroperitoneal. (2) The greater omentum is the largest of the peritoneal folds. (3) The lesser omentum binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. (4) The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. (5) The mesentery is associated with the small intestine.
Correct Answer:
1, 2, 4, and 5
When a surgeon makes an incision in the small intestine, in what order would the physician encounter these structures? (1) epithelium, (2) submucosa, (3) serosa, (4) muscularis, (5) lamina propria, (6) muscularis mucosae.
Correct Answer:
3, 4, 2, 6, 5, 1
smsmle
Which of the following are functions of the liver? (1) carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, (2) nucleic acid metabolism, (3) excretion of bilirubin, (4) synthesis of bile salts, (5) activation of vitamin D.
Correct Answer:
1, 3, 4, and 5
Which of the following statements regarding the regulation of gastric secretion and motility are true? (1) The sight, smell, taste, or thought of food can initiate the cephalic phase of gastric activity. (2) The gastric phase begins when food enters the small intestine. (3) Once activated, stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the stomach trigger the flow of gastric juice and peristalsis. (4) The intestinal phase reflexes inhibit gastric activity. (5) The enterogastric reflex stimulates gastric emptying.
Correct Answer:
1, 3, and 4
Which of the following are true? (1) Segmentations in the small intestine help propel chyme through the intestinal tract. (2) The migrating motility complex is a type of peristalsis in the small intestine. (3) The large surface area for absorption in the small intestine is due to the presence of circular folds, villi, and microvilli. (4) The mucus-producing cells of the small intestine are Paneth cells. (5) Most long-chain fatty acid and monoglyceride absorption in the small intestine requires the presence of bile salts.
Correct Answer:
2, 3, and 5
The release of feces from the large intestine is dependent on (1) stretching of the rectal walls, (2) voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter, (3) involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, (4) activity of the intestinal bacteria, (5) sympathetic stimulation of the internal sphincter.
Correct Answer:
1 and 2
Which of the following is not true concerning the liver?
Correct Answer:
The left hepatic duct joins the cystic duct from the gallbladder
Match the following structures of the digestive system with their descriptions
collapsed, muscular tube involved in deglutition and peristalsis
esophagus
Match the following structures of the digestive system with their descriptions
coiled tube attached to the cecum
appendix
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contains duodenal glands in the submucosa
duodenum
Match the following structures of the digestive system with their descriptions
produces and secretes bile
liver
Match the following structures of the digestive system with their descriptions
contains aggregated lymphatic follicles in the submucosa
ileum
Match the following structures of the digestive system with their descriptions
responsible for ingestion, mastication, and deglutition
mouth
Match the following structures of the digestive system with their descriptions
responsible for churning, peristalsis, storage, and chemical digestion with the enzyme pepsin
stomach
Match the following structures of the digestive system with their descriptions
storage area for bile
gallbladder
Match the following structures of the digestive system with their descriptions
contain acini that release juices containing several digestive enzymes for protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid digestion and sodium bicarbonate to buffer stomach acid
pancreas
Match the following structures of the digestive system with their descriptions
composed of enamel, dentin, and pulp cavity; used in mastication
teeth
Match the following structures of the digestive system with their descriptions
passageway for food, fluid, and air; involved in deglutition
pharynx
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forms a semisolid waste material through haustral churning and peristalsis
colon
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forces the food to the back of the mouth for swallowing; places food in contact with the teeth
tongue
Match the following structures of the digestive system with their descriptions
produce a fluid in the mouth that helps cleanse the mouth and teeth and that lubricates, dissolves, and begins the chemical breakdown of food
salivary glands
Match the following enzymes with their functions
an activating brush-border enzyme that splits off part of the trypsinogen molecule to form trypsin, a protease
enterokinase
Match the following enzymes with their functions
an enzyme that initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
salivary amylase
Match the following enzymes with their functions
the principal triglyceride-digesting enzyme in adults
pancreatic lipase
Match the following enzymes with their functions
stimulates secretion of gastric juices and promotes gastric emptying
gastrin
Match the following enzymes with their functions
secreted by chief cells in the stomach; a proteolytic enzyme
pepsin
Match the following enzymes with their functions
stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonates; decreases gastric secretions
secretin
Match the following enzymes with their functions
a nonenzymatic fat-emulsifying agent
bile
Match the following enzymes with their functions
causes contraction of the gallbladder and stimulates the production of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Match the following enzymes with their functions
inhibits gastrin release
somatostatin
Match the following enzymes with their functions
stimulates secretion of ions and water by the intestines and inhibits gastric acid secretion
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
Match the following enzymes with their functions
secreted by glands in the tongue; begins breakdown of triglycerides in the stomach
lingual lipase
Match the following digestive cells and structures to their descriptions
microvilli of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption; also contain some digestive enzymes
brush border
Match the following digestive cells and structures to their descriptions
finger-like projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase surface area for digestion and absorption
villi
Match the following digestive cells and structures to their descriptions
produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor in the stomach
parietal cells
Match the following digestive cells and structures to their descriptions
secrete lysozyme; help regulate microbial population in the intestines
paneth cells
Match the following digestive cells and structures to their descriptions
stomach enteroendocrine cells that secrete gastrin
G cells
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longitudinal muscular bands in the large intestine; tonic contractions produce haustra
teniae coli
Match the following digestive cells and structures to their descriptions
lymphatic capillary used for chylomicron absorption in the small intestine
lacteal
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groups of lymphatic nodules in the small intestine
Peyer's patches
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controls the GI tract motility and secretions of GI tract organs
enteric nervous system
Match the following digestive cells and structures to their descriptions
large mucosal folds in the stomach
rugae
Match the following digestive cells and structures to their descriptions
secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase in the stomach
Chief cells
Match the following digestive cells and structures to their descriptions
permanent ridges in the mucosa of the small intestine; enhance absorption by increasing surface area and causing chyme to spiral rather than move in a straight line
circular folds
Match the following digestive cells and structures to their descriptions
phagocytic cells of the liver; destroy worn-out white blood cells and red blood cells, bacteria, and other foreign matter in the blood draining the GI tract
stellate reticuloendothelial cells
secondary option for terms
used in mastication
teeth
secondary option for terms
involved in deglutition
pharynx
secondary option for terms
places food in contact with the teeth
tongue
secondary option for terms
a proteolytic enzyme
pepsin
secondary option for terms
decreases gastric secretions
secretin
secondary option for terms
begins breakdown of triglycerides in the stomach
lingual lipase
secondary option for terms
also contain some digestive enzymes
brush border
secondary option for terms
help regulate microbial population in the intestines
paneth cells
secondary option for terms
tonic contractions produce haustra
teniae coli
secondary option for terms
enhance absorption by increasing surface area and causing chyme to spiral rather than move in a straight line
circular folds
secondary option for terms
destroy worn-out white blood cells and red blood cells, bacteria, and other foreign matter in the blood draining the GI tract
stellate reticuloendothelial cells
secondary option
Which of the following are FALSE concerning the peritoneum? (1) The kidneys and pancreas are retroperitoneal. (2) The greater omentum is the largest of the peritoneal folds. (3) The lesser omentum binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. (4) The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. (5) The mesentery is associated with the small intestine.
(3) The lesser omentum binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.
secondary option
Which of the following are NOT functions of the liver? (1) carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, (2) nucleic acid metabolism, (3) excretion of bilirubin, (4) synthesis of bile salts, (5) activation of vitamin D.
(2) nucleic acid metabolism
secondary option
Which of the following statements regarding the regulation of gastric secretion and motility are NOT true? (1) The sight, smell, taste, or thought of food can initiate the cephalic phase of gastric activity. (2) The gastric phase begins when food enters the small intestine. (3) Once activated, stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the stomach trigger the flow of gastric juice and peristalsis. (4) The intestinal phase reflexes inhibit gastric activity. (5) The enterogastric reflex stimulates gastric emptying.
2 and 5
secondary option
Which of the following are true? (1) Segmentations in the small intestine help propel chyme through the intestinal tract. (2) The migrating motility complex is a type of peristalsis in the small intestine. (3) The large surface area for absorption in the small intestine is due to the presence of circular folds, villi, and microvilli. (4) The mucus-producing cells of the small intestine are Paneth cells. (5) Most long-chain fatty acid and monoglyceride absorption in the small intestine requires the presence of bile salts.
1 and 4
secondary option
The release of feces from the large intestine is NOT dependent on (1) stretching of the rectal walls, (2) voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter, (3) involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, (4) activity of the intestinal bacteria, (5) sympathetic stimulation of the internal sphincter.
3, 4, and 5