Lecture Exam Chapters - (1,3,4,9,10,11,18) Flashcards

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi

Prokaryotic

Protozoa
Algae
Multicellular animal parasites

Eukaryotic

Viruses
Prions

Acellular

_________________ is a Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, the other is unaffected.

Commensalism

______________ is a Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.

Mutualism

______________ is a Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, the other is harmed.

Parasitism

______________ protect us from overgrowth of harmful bacteria.
Help produce Vit. K and some B vitamins

Normal microbiota (used to be called flora)

Bacteria that are photosynthetic are _______________.

Producers

Bacteria/fungus that recycle essential nutrients are _______________

Decomposers

Bioremediation is

Ex. Conveting pollutants to harmless molecules
(Microbs eating oil spills, or cleaning sewage)

ROBERT HOOKE

1665 - See first Cells
Beginning of cell theory (all living things are composed of cells)

Anton van Leeuwewnhoek

"Father of Microscopy"
"animalcules" 1673-1723

Francesco Redi

1699
Disproved spontaneous generation with experiment of meat in a jars some covered with Gauze

CELL THEORY

1.) All living things are composed of cells
2.) Cells can only come from preexisting cells

John Needham

1745
Microbes appeared after pouring boiled nutrient broth into flasks that were then covered.

Lazzaro Spallanzani

1765
Microbes did not grow when the second flasks were heated after the broth was poured in.

Rudolf Virchow

1858
Claimed living cells can only come from preexisting cells Second tenet of the cell theory

Louis Pasteur

1861-disproved spontaneous generation *Biogenesis – life comes from life
Using flask w/ S Shaped neck.

Discovered HOW vaccinations worked after Jenner's 1796 cowpox discovery

Ignaz Semmelweiss

1840’s
Realized Germs were transmitted on our hands b/c post-partum mothers did not die with midwives, but did often die at Hospitals.

Saw his co-work get sick/die after cutting himself while working on corpse

John Lister

1860s (Listerine named after him)
Put together Semmelweiss’ handwashing observations and Pasteur’s work
Began disinfecting surgical wounds & surgical instruments Proved microorganisms caused surgical wound infections (use Carboxlic Acid to disinfect tools)

Robert Koch

1846
Discovered:
the bacterium that caused Anthrax in cattle
Bacterium that caused TB
Rules for controlling cholera outbreaks

Koch's Postulates

1. The specific organism should be shown to be present in all cases of animals suffering from a specific disease, but should not be found in healthy animals

2. The specific microorganism should be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture on artificial laboratory media

3. This freshly isolated microorganism, when inoculated into a healthy non-immune laboratory animal, should cause the same disease seen in the original animal

4. The microorganism should be re-isolated in pure culture from the experimental infection

John Snow

Founder of Epidemiology
1854 Broad Street Pump (Cholera outbreak)

Edward Jenner

1796 - (Vaccination) Discovered exposure to cowpox prevented smallpox

Alexander Fleming

1928 - Penicillium fungus killed S. aureus
1940 - Penicillin mass produced

_________________is the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points.

Resolution

______________________wavelengths of light provide greater resolution

Shorter

___________________ is a measure of the light-bending ability of a medium

refractive index

Microscope Requiring - Ultrathin sections of specimens, therefore specimen is killed and fixed to side, however allows you to see what is inside specimen.
magnifies 10,000-100,000x can see viruses

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Microscope Allowing whole specimen, allows visualizing surface of specimen

Resolution 10nm - 1000-10,000x

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Coloring a specimen with a dye that emphasizes certain structures

Staining

Specimen stained with only one dye is a _____________ stain

Simple

___________________ Colored ion in stain

Chromophore

In ______________ Dyes the chromophore is positively charged

Basic dyes (pH)

In _____________ Dyes the chromophore is negatively charged.

Acidic dyes (pH)

________________ Intensifies the stain

Mordant

Bacteria have a slightly ___________________ charge

Negative

_________________ Stains used to distinguish between bacteria

Differential
(ex. Gram stain/Acid-fast stain)

In Gram Staining ____________ is the Primary Stain

Crystal Violet

In Gram Staining ____________ is the Mordant

Iodine

In Gram Staining ______________ is the Decolorizing Agent.

Alcohol/Acetone

In Gram Staining the counterstain is __________________.

Safranin

The color of Crystal Violet is _____________.

Purple

The color of Safranin is ________________.

Red/Pink

Bacterium with a waxy cell wall are best stained with __________.

Acid-fast stain

Mycobacterium and Nocardia are best stained with ________________ because of their waxy cell wall.

Acid-Fast
Mycobacterium causes TB

Primary Stain of Acid-Fast is __________________.

Carbolfuchsin

Decolorizing Agent of Acid-Fast staining is _______________.

Acid/Alcohol

Couterstain in Acid-Fast is _________________.

Methylene Blue

What color is Carbolfuchsin?

Red

Name some examples of why you need to use "Special Stains"

1.)Capsule Stain (negative staining)
2.)Endospore Stain
3.)Flagella stain

Small, unicellular cells with DNA NOT enclosed in a nucleus are _____________ cells.

Prokaryotic

Typically larger cells, with membrane bound organelles, sometimes multicellular are ___________________ cells.

Eukaryotic

Name the shape of prokaryotic cells that appear round or spherical.

Cocci

Name the shape of prokaryotic cells that appear rod-shaped.

Bacilli

Name the shape of prokaryotic cells that appear spiral shaped.

Spiral

Name some rare-shapes for prokaryotic cells

Star
Rectangular

Name and Describe the (5) possible arrangements of cocci bacteria

1.) a single cocci
2.) a diplococci (2 bound together in a single plane)
3.) Streptococci (chain)
4.) tetrad (bound in 2 planes x,y)
5.) Sarcinae (orderly bound in 3 planes - x,y.z)
6.) Staphylococci - (NONorderly, in 3 planes, CLUMPS)

What is the shape of Bacillus?

Rod Shapped

Name and describe the (4) possible arrangements of bacilli

1.) Single Bacillus (rod)
2.) Diplobacilli (2 hooked together end to end)
3.) Streptobacilli (multiple cells, hooked end to end in a chain)
4.) Coccobacillus (Squished/Pill shaped, stacked next to each other)

Describe a palisade Arrangement.

Joined at the ends, but at angles to each other, usually only a few hooked together. Example Corynebacteria (Causes diphtheria)

The bacteria shape with a slight curve is _________________

Vibrio

Ex. V. cholerae (Causes cholera)

The bacteria with a wave shape is __________________

Spirillum

The bacteria with a corkscrew shape is ______________

Spirochete

Ex. Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis)

What Colony Morphology - Shape is this

Circular

What Colony Morphology - Shape is this

Rhizoid

What Colony Morphology - Shape is this

Irregular

What Colony Morphology - Shape is this

Filamentous