Which two-tank comparison provides the strongest evidence that the presence of UV light at natural levels inhibits photosynthesis?
Tank 1 versus tank 2
Which of the following human activities is most closely associated with depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer?
Disposal of refrigerators and air conditioners
In 1978, the United States banned the use of CFCs in aerosols. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best explains the effect of this ban as a solution to decrease global CFC production?
The ban on CFCs led to a decrease of CFC-11 and CFC-12 production by more than 15% between 1978 and 1980, which supports the ban as an effective solution to reduce global CFC production.
Ozone in the stratosphere is important to organisms at Earth's surface because ozone molecules are very strong absorbers of
ultraviolet rays
Stratospheric ozone depletion is most likely to result in which of the following?
Disruption of photosynthesis in plants
Which of the following best exemplifies global collaboration for a sustainable environment?
The Montreal Protocol
Which of the following best describes the advantage of using hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) to replace chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in industrial processes?
Responses
HFCs and HCFCs have lower ozone-depleting potentials than CFCs do.
Addressed the issue of stratospheric ozone depletion
Montreal Protocol
Contains an amendment that allows private landowners to modify their property under a habitat conservation plan
Endangered Species Act
Which of the following best identifies the reason that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were banned in 1996 by the Montreal Protocol?
CFCs led to the destruction of stratospheric ozone.
Which of the following describes a negative effect of substituting hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs) for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in an effort to reduce ozone depletion?
Some type of hydrofluorocarbons are greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change.
A greenhouse gas that is exclusively anthropogenic
CCl2F2
A greenhouse gas that, in the lower troposphere, is formed by photochemical reactions
O3
The most abundant nonanthropogenic greenhouse gas
H2O
How many units of energy are absorbed by Earth's surface?
120
How many units of energy return to space from Earth and its atmosphere?
100
Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for the changes shown in Scenario 3?
Roads and electric power lines subdivided the landscape into smaller pieces and decreased the amount of available habitat.
Which of the following correctly identifies the type of habitat change(s) shown within each potential scenario in the diagram?
All scenarios experienced habitat loss, but only Scenario 3 experienced habitat fragmentation.
The spread of infectious diseases is expected to increase with climate change, mainly because
warmer temperatures allow disease-carrying insects to survive in areas that were once too cold
Which of the following not only results from greenhouse warming but also contributes to additional warming of Earth (i.e., is a positive feedback process)?
Decreased size of snowpack
Possible effects of a warmer atmosphere include which of the following?
- Expanded ranges of tropical diseases
- More intense hurricanes and typhoons
- Increased crop damage from pests and diseases
I, II, and III
In models of global warming, the most important factor contributing ot an increase in sea level is
thermal expansion of the oceans
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following represents the approximate rate of change in Arctic sea level from 1995 to 2015?
3mm per year
Which of the following best explains the impact of climate change on polar regions?
Polar regions are warming more quickly than other regions because warming decreases the coverage of high-albedo ground cover like ice and snow.
Which of the following is part of a positive feedback mechanism associated with global climate change?
Melting of Arctic sea ice
Which of the following research methods can best determine the accuracy of the drone's data?
Measurements from established sites can be compared to measurements taken by the drones in the same area.
Based on the article, what is one assumption that can be made about the benefits of using drones to collect data on methane and melting permafrost?
Using drones can help to predict erosion hotspots can reduce the impact on coastal villages and wildlife habitat.
Which of the following pieces of evidence from the article best supports the cause of the decrease in the Calanus population in the Gulf of Maine?
The deep-water temperature in the Gulf of Maine has increased by approximately 9°F since 2004.
Based on the information in the article, which of the following is the most practical solution to help conservation efforts for the North Atlantic right whale?
Expand the range of conservation areas meant to protect the right whale.
Which of the following best describes the author’s claim in the article?
The new pattern of North Atlantic right whale migration is primarily from decreased food availability and warming waters.
Which of the following represents a positive feedback loop in the Arctic that is associated with anthropogenic climate change?
Arctic Ocean ice melts -> ocean surface water
temperature increases -> more ice melts
Based on the passage, which of the following pieces of evidence is used by the author to support the claim about hurricanes and climate change?
The oceans have absorbed 90% of the heat caused by human-generated greenhouse gases.
Which of the following best describes the effect of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on marine organisms?
It will decrease the availability of carbonate ions in ocean water, decreasing the ability of coral to form shells.
Which of the following best identifies a testable hypothesis for the investigation?
The decreasing pH of the ocean water will decrease the survivorship of fish.
Which of the following best explains an anthropogenic cause of the trend illustrated on the graph?
Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations from burning of fossil fuels and vehicle emissions are contributing to ocean acidification.
The zone in which the greatest total mass of CO2 is absorbed from the atmosphere
B
Chemical compound responsible for ocean acidification in the open oceans of the world
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Which of the following best interprets the results in the graph in relation to the given hypothesis?
The results support the researchers’ hypothesis because there is a greater biodiversity at sites without cane toads.
Population biologists are concerned about introduced species such as the zebra mussel in North America because
the introduced species compete for resources more effectively than native species
Why do introduced species often become pests?
They displace native species.
Reasons that the population size of an exotic species often grows rapidly when the species is introduced in a new environment include which of the following?
- The exotic species is resistant to pesticides.
- There is a large, underutilized food source in the new environment.
- The exotic species has few natural predators in the new environment.
II and III only
Which of the following would likely reduce the threats posed by exotic species to native species?
- Increasing inspections of goods coming into a country
- Mandating that bilgewater from vessels be emptied in ports instead of in the open ocean
- Enforcing legislation that restricts imported materials such as untreated wooden packing crates
Responses
I and III only
The CITES treaty has been helpful in protecting endangered animals and plants by
listing those species and products whose international trade is controlled
Which of the following best describes the evidence the author uses to support the claim that fireworks are one of the biggest threats to the plovers on the Fourth of July at Old Orchard Beach?
Audubon employees have found plover nests with chicks that died because parents have been scared away by the noise and light of the fireworks.
Which of the following identifies a claim made by the author in the article?
Piping plovers are endangered in Maine because of the loss of wide, open sand and dune grass habitats that the birds use for nesting.
The author assumes that the OOB365 group is mostly concerned about canceling the fireworks displays at Old Orchard Beach because
revenue will be lost from tourists attracted by the firework displays
Red pine trees are currently found growing in only the cool northernmost areas of the central and eastern United States. Climate change is expected to have an impact on the distribution of the species. Which of the following describes the most likely change to the distribution of red pine over the next 200 years?
Red pine distribution will shift northward into Canada.
The graph above shows how seed production in a plant species varied with population density in an unfragmented habitat (site A) and in a fragmented habitat (site B). Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data?
Habitat fragmentation has more effect on seed production than does population density.
Which of the following would most likely have the greatest positive impact on the quality of the natural environment worldwide?
Stabilization or reduction of the size of the human population
An alpine area of a national park near a trail is normally covered by plants, but much of the area is now bare soil. Park rangers suspect that trampling by hikers has killed the plants. Which of the following will best test the hypothesis?
Comparing plant survivorship in areas where hikers stay on the trail with plant survivorship in the area where hikers leave the trail