CHAPTER 25 Flashcards

Which of the following is directly involved in the initiation of dental caries?
A. lactic acid
B. crevicular fluid
C. lysozyme
D. dentin
E. sucrose

Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is usually preceded by
A. improper food storage.
B. a blood transfusion.
C. travel to an underdeveloped country.
D. extended use of antibiotics.
E. eating contaminated food.

Which of the following statements about salmonellosis is FALSE?
A. A healthy carrier state exists.
B. The mortality rate is high.
C. It is often associated with poultry products.
D. It is a bacterial infection.
E. Severity of disease depends on number of organisms ingested.

Disease-causing exotoxins are produced by all of the following organisms EXCEPT
A. Clostridium botulinum.
B. Staphylococcus aureus.
C. Shigella dysenteriae.
D. Clostridium perfringens.
E. Vibrio cholerae.

Which one of the following diseases of the gastrointestinal system is transmitted by the respiratory route?
A. staphylococcal enterotoxicosis
B. Vibrio gastroenteritis
C. mumps
D. traveler's diarrhea
E. bacillary dysentery

The digestive tract is essentially one long tube. The order of the structures, beginning with the mouth, is
A. pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine.
B. esophagus, stomach, pharynx, small intestine, large intestine.
C. pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.
D. esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.
E. pharynx, stomach, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine.

Which of the following helminthic diseases is a common infestation found in the southeastern United States?
A. Ascaris lumbricoides
B. Echinococcus granulosus
C. Taenia saginata
D. Trichuris trichiura
E. Enterobius vermicularis

Poultry products are a likely source of infection by
A. Clostridium perfringens.
B. Vibrio cholerae.
C. Salmonella enterica.
D. Helicobacter pylori.
E. Shigella spp.

All of the following infections can result from drinking contaminated water EXCEPT
A. cholera.
B. trichinellosis.
C. Cyclospora infection.
D. giardiasis.
E. cryptosporidiosis.

Which of the following organisms is shed in the feces of humans and animals, including beavers, and can contaminate water?
A. Vibrio parahaemolyticus
B. Taenia spp.
C. Entamoeba histolytica
D. Escherichia coli
E. Giardia lamblia

In humans, beef tapeworm infestations are acquired by ingesting
A. the eggs of Taenia saginata.
B. water contaminated with Diphyllobothrium latum eggs.
C. cysticerci of Taenia solium in undercooked meat.
D. segments of Taenia solium tapeworms.
E. cysticerci of Taenia saginata in undercooked meat.

Which of the following statements about staphylococcal food poisoning is FALSE?
A. It is characterized by rapid onset and short duration of symptoms.
B. It can be prevented by adequate refrigeration of food.
C. It can be prevented by heating foods to 50°C for 15 minutes.
D. It is caused by ingesting an enterotoxin.
E. It is treated by replacing water and electrolytes.

The most common cause of traveler's diarrhea is
A. Giardia lamblia.
B. Campylobacter jejuni.
C. Salmonella enterica.
D. Shigella spp.
E. Escherichia coli.

Acute gastroenteritis that occurs after an incubation period of two to three days, persists for about a week, and commonly affects children is probably caused by
A. Giardia.
B. Staphylococcus aureus.
C. rotavirus.
D. Trichinella.
E. Salmonella.

Which of the following is mismatched?
A. hookworm infestation – heavy infections may cause pica
B. trichinellosis – humans eat larva of parasite in undercooked meat
C. Echinococcus granulosus – most benign of human tapeworm infections
D. pinworm infestation – humans ingest parasite's eggs
E. Taenia solium – cysticerosis

Thorough cooking of food will prevent all of the following EXCEPT
A. beef tapeworm.
B. staphylococcal food poisoning.
C. salmonellosis.
D. trichinellosis.
E. shigellosis.

Most of the normal microbiota of the digestive system are found in the
A. small intestine and large intestine.
B. stomach and small intestine.
C. mouth.
D. accessory structures.
E. stomach.

Gums bleeding while brushing one's teeth is most commonly associated with
A. trench mouth.
B. gingivitis.
C. halitosis.
D. cavities.
E. periodontitis.

Typhoid fever differs from salmonellosis in that in typhoid fever
A. the organism first invades the intestinal mucosa.
B, the microorganisms multiply within macrophages.
C. infection occurs due to ingestion of endospores.
D. the incubation period is much shorter.
E. the organism is only spread in the feces of humans.

Which of the following organisms is likely to be transmitted via contaminated shrimp?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Trichinella spiralis
C. Vibrio parahaemolyticus
D. Giardia lamblia
E. Clostridium perfringens

Which of the following organisms is likely to be transmitted via undercooked pork and horse?
A. Shigella spp.
B. Entamoeba histolytica
C. Staphylococcus aureus
D. Salmonella enterica
E. Trichinella spiralis

A vaccine to provide active immunity to HBV is prepared from
A. viral particles in patients.
B. viruses grown in tissue culture.
C. genetically modified yeast.
D. pooled gamma globulin.
E. viruses grown in embryonated eggs.

Aflatoxin is a(n) ________ associated with ingestion of contaminated ________.
A. endotoxin; peanuts
B. enterotoxin; rye or other cereal grains
C. mycotoxin; peanuts
D. mycotoxin; rye or other cereal grains
E. enterotoxin; peanuts

Which of the following causes inflammation of the liver?
A. Salmonella enterica
B. Escherichia coli
C. hepatitis A virus
D. Shigella spp.
E. Vibrio cholerae

"Rice water stools" are characteristic of
A. bacillary dysentery.
B. salmonellosis.
C. cholera.
D. tapeworm infestation.
E. amebic dysentery.

Epidemics related to bacterial infection of the digestive system are typically caused by
A. exposure to contaminated soil.
B. the respiratory route.
C. contaminated food and water.
D. unpasteurized milk.
E. biological vectors.

Many bacterial infections of the lower digestive tract are treated with
A. thorough cooking.
B. water and electrolytes.
C. quinacrine.
D. antitoxin.
E. penicillin.

Dental plaque is an example of
A. a biofilm.
B. dentin.
C. gingivitis.
D. tooth enamel.
E. a pellicle.

Which of the following is mismatched?
A. Vibrio enterotoxin – secretion of Cl-, K+, and H2O
B. shiga toxin – tissue destruction
C. Salmonella endotoxin – lyses red blood cells
D. aflatoxin – liver cancer
E. ergot – gangrene

Bacterial intoxications differ from bacterial infections of the digestive system in that intoxications
A. are transmitted via contaminated water.
B. are more severe.
C. are treated with antibiotics.
D. have shorter incubation times.
E. are accompanied by high fever.

The most common mode of HAV transmission is
A. airborne.
B. blood transfusion.
C. contaminated hypodermic needles.
D. contamination of food during preparation.
E. respiratory route.

Which of the following correctly lists the stages of tooth decay?
A. destruction of enamel, plaque accumulation, advancement of decay through enamel, decay in dentin, decay in tooth pulp

B. decay in dentin, plaque accumulation, destruction of enamel, advancement of decay through enamel, decay in tooth pulp

C. plaque accumulation, destruction of enamel, advancement of decay through enamel, decay in dentin, decay in tooth pulp

D. plaque accumulation, destruction of enamel, decay in tooth pulp, advancement of decay through enamel, decay in dentin

E. destruction of enamel, advancement of decay through enamel, plaque accumulation, decay in dentin, decay in tooth pulp

A 38-year-old man had onset of fever, chills, nausea, and myalgia while vacationing on the Gulf of Mexico. On April 29, he had eaten raw oysters and gone wading in the warm coastal waters. On May 2, he was admitted to a hospital because of a fever of 39°C and two circular necrotic lesions on the left leg. He had a history of alcoholic liver disease. He was transferred to the ICU; therapy with antibiotics was initiated. On May 4, he died. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A. Cyclospora cayetanensis
B. hepatitis C virus
C. Salmonella Typhi
D. Bacillus cereus
E. Vibrio vulnificus

Which of the following is included in GALT?
A. liver
B. Peyer's patches
C. salivary glands
D. tonsils
E. thymus

Microscopic examination of a patient's fecal culture shows spiral bacteria. The bacteria probably belong to the genus
A. Campylobacter jejuni.
B. Salmonella Typhi.
C. Shigella spp.
D. Escherichia coli.
E. Vibrio cholerae.

Which of the following pertains to typhoid fever?
A. It is also called bacillary dysentery.
B. Enterotoxin spreads via the blood.
C. It is caused by several different species of Salmonella.
D. Causative microorganism multiplies in patient phagocytes.
E. It is typically acquired via ingestion of contaminated eggs.

All of the following are gram-negative rods that cause gastroenteritis EXCEPT
A. Shigella spp.
B. Escherichia coli.
C. Yersinia enterocolitica.
D. Salmonella Typhi.
E. Clostridium perfringens.

Helicobacter pylori can grow in the stomach because it
A. invades epithelial cells.
B. hides in macrophages.
C. possesses an enzyme that neutralizes HCl.
D. makes HCl.
E. makes a capsule.

All of the following are eukaryotic organisms that cause diarrheal disease EXCEPT
A. Entamoeba.
B. Cryptosporidium.
C. Cyclospora.
D. Campylobacter.
E. Giardia.

All of the following pertain to pinworm infections EXCEPT
A. transmission is typically by contact with fomites or inhalation of eggs.
B. it is a helminth disease.
C. it is most commonly transmitted by cysts in water.
D. all family members living with the patient must also be treated.
E. diagnosis is by detecting eggs on transparent tape pressed to the perianal area.

What is a Dane particle?
A. the filamentous particles that cause HAV
B. the spherical particles found in serum of patients with HBV
C. the infectious virion that causes HBV
D. the chlorine-resistant virus that causes HAV
E. another name for an HBV surface antigen

Which of the following is mismatched?
A. oysters – Vibrio parahaemolyticus
B. beef – E. coli O157:H7
C. custard and cream pies – Staphylococcus aureus
D. chicken – Campylobacter jejuni
E. eggs – Trichinella spiralis

Situation 25.1

Following a county fair, 160 persons complained of gastrointestinal symptoms. Symptoms included diarrhea (84 percent), abdominal cramps (96 percent), nausea (84 percent), vomiting (82 percent), body aches (50 percent), fever (60 percent; median body temperature = 38.3°C); median duration of illness 6 days (range 10 hr to 13 days).

In Situation 25.1, fecal samples should be cultured for all of the following EXCEPT
A. Shigella spp.
B. Salmonella enterica.
C. Giardia lamblia.
D. enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
E. Campylobacter jejuni.

Situation 25.1

Following a county fair, 160 persons complained of gastrointestinal symptoms. Symptoms included diarrhea (84 percent), abdominal cramps (96 percent), nausea (84 percent), vomiting (82 percent), body aches (50 percent), fever (60 percent; median body temperature = 38.3°C); median duration of illness 6 days (range 10 hr to 13 days).

In Situation 25.1, fecal samples were found to be negative when cultured. The next step in diagnosing the cause of illness would be
A. to begin antibiotic therapy.
B. muscle biopsy.
C. microscopic examination of feces for oocysts.
D. blood cultures.
E. microscopic examination of feces for viruses.

Table 25.1

Food Relative Risk
Black beans 0.58
Corn soup 0.75
Jalapeño peppers 34.13
Roma tomatoes 5.40

The relative risks shown in Table 25.1 were calculated for foods suspected of transmitting Salmonella. Which food is the most likely source of infection?
A. black beans
B. jalapeño peppers
C. corn soup
D. roma tomatoes
E. The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.

Which structure or component of the small intestine is important to antimicrobial defense?
A. stomach acid
B. gall bladder
C. Paneth cells
D. crevicular fluid
E. salivary glands

A rushed homemaker prepared a stew from a large cut of beef but the family only consumed a small portion for dinner. The still-hot large pot was placed in the refrigerator overnight. The next day the stew was warmed for lunch. By the evening the entire family was suffering from varying degrees of diarrhea, abdominal cramping and nausea. You most likely suspect the culprit of this event is
A. H. pylori.
B. Shigella.
C. B. cereus.
D. Salmonella.
E. C. perfringes.

Which is true of the Mumps virus?
A. It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route.
B. It typically begins with symptoms of gastroenteritis.
C. A component vaccine is part of the MMR.
D. Male sterility occurs in 40% of infections.
E. The portal of entry is the respiratory route.

Which is NOT true of HBV?
A. Individuals infected as adults are the most likely to become carriers of the virus.
B. 5% of acute HBV infections progress to chronic infection.
C. 1/3 of the world population shows serological evidence of past infection.
D. Filamentous particles are not infectious.
E. Acute HBV infection may be subclinical.

A young child received a red-eared slider turtle as a birthday gift. Within a week the child was suffering from a severe gastroenteritis that required a visit to urgent care. What is the child likely suffering from?
A. cholera
B. salmonellosis
C. hepatitis A infection
D. shigellosis
E. Campylobacter infection