Which is/is not a function(s) of the digestive system?
Functions: Ingestion, digestion (mechanical and chemical), absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
Not a function: Providing energy (though the digestive system enables energy extraction from food, it doesn't directly provide energy).
Which is/is not an organ of the digestive system?
- Is: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
- Is not: Heart, lungs, kidneys.
Which is/is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?
- Is: Liver, pancreas, gallbladder, salivary glands.
- Is not: Stomach, small intestine, large intestine (these are part of the digestive tract).
An organ that helps break down food but is not part of the tube through which the foodstuffs pass:
Pancreas (produces enzymes for digestion but is not part of the gastrointestinal tube).
The alternating movement of contraction of muscle layers in the GIT wall that propels materials through the tract:
Peristalsis.
The cell-type of the lining of the gastrointestinal tract that allows for absorption and secretion:
Enterocytes (simple columnar epithelial cells).
The transporters of lipid molecules that are absorbed from the GI tract:
Chylomicrons.
The thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis that controls movement of materials through the GIT:
Sphincter (e.g., the pyloric sphincter or the esophageal sphincter).
The type of receptor within the GI tract wall that detects stretch:
Mechanoreceptors.
The GIT part that secretes the hormone secretin:
Duodenum (specifically the S cells).
The type of secretion cholecystokinin is classified as, and the part of the GIT that releases it
Hormone, released by I cells in the duodenum.
From a list of secretions, select the one that is considered a primary digestive system hormone:
Gastrin (produced by G cells in the stomach).
The layer of the serous membrane that directly covers the surface of internal organs:
Visceral peritoneum.
From a group of various lists of terms, select the one that progresses from the most superficial structure to the deepest:
Serosa (outermost), muscularis (muscle layer), submucosa (connective tissue layer), mucosa (innermost layer).
The name of the peritoneal fold that supports the large intestine:
Mesocolon.
The name of the peritoneal fold that attaches the liver to the anterior internal body wall:
Falciform ligament.
The first layer a surgeon needs to cut in order to make a small incision in the wall of the jejunum:
Serosa (the outermost layer of the jejunum).
The correct order for the layers of the GI tract wall, from innermost to outermost:
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (circular and longitudinal muscle layers), serosa/adventitia.
For the majority of the GIT tract, name the layer(s) of the wall that contain smooth muscle:
Muscularis (specifically the circular and longitudinal muscle layers).
The layer(s) of the wall of the GIT that contain a nerve plexus:
- Submucosa and muscularis (specifically the myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus).
The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion:
Mouth.
The type of epithelium that lines the majority of the oral cavity:
Stratified squamous epithelium.
The name of an enzyme that is found within saliva:
Salivary amylase.
Another name of the inferior esophageal sphincter:
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) or cardiac sphincter.
Stenosis (constriction) of the pyloric sphincter would interfere with what event:
The passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum (leading to vomiting and delayed gastric emptying).
Manufacturers advertise that their product shuts down the "acid-producing pumps" in the stomach. Name the gastric gland cells that the manufacturers were referring to:
Parietal cells (which secrete hydrochloric acid).
Name the bones that form the hard palate:
Maxilla and palatine bones.
The primary function of the lysozyme found within saliva:
Antibacterial action (it helps break down bacterial cell walls).
Which of the types of secretory cells in the gastric glands secrete pepsinogen:
Chief cells
The phase of digestion that involves the thought, smell, and sight of food:
Cephalic phase.
The location (layer) of Brunner's duodenal glands that secrete viscous mucus into the small intestine:
Submucosa of the duodenum.
What “segmentation” within the small intestine refers to:
Localized contractions of the circular muscle layer
The structures that increase the surface area in the small intestine:
Villi, microvilli, and plicae circulares.
The correct sequence of the regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end:
Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum.
The correct order for the list of structures of the large intestine, from cecum to rectum:
Cecum → Ascending colon → Transverse colon → Descending colon → Sigmoid colon → Rectum.