Chemistry ch. 19-21 Exam Study Flashcards Flashcards

BEGINNING OF CH. 19

The melting of a substance at its melting point is an isothermal process.

The vaporization of a substance at its boiling point is an isothermal process.

The quantity of energy gained by a system equals the quantity of energy gained by its surroundings.

Of the following, only ________ is not a state function.

T
q
S
E
H

When a system is at equilibrium, ________.

A reversible process is one that ________.

A reaction that is spontaneous as written ________.

All of the following are examples of a spontaneous process except

A boulder slides down the side of a mountain.
Water freezing when the temperature drops below 0°C.
A reaction speeding up upon the addition of a catalyst.
A book falls off a desk and drops on the floor.
A nail left outside in the rain starts to rust.

The ________ Law of Thermodynamics states the energy is conserved in chemical processes.

________ is a thermodynamic function that increases with the number of energetically equivalent ways to arrange components of a system to achieve a particular state.

Identify the statement that is false.

Free atoms have greater entropy than molecules.
The entropy of a gas is greater than the entropy of a liquid.
Entropy generally increases with increasing molecular complexity.
Entropy increases with dissolution.
For noble gasses, entropy increases with size.

Which of the following statements is true?

Entropy is temperature independent.
Entropy is an extensive property.
ΔSuniverse is always greater than zero for a nonspontaneous process.
Exothermic processes decrease the entropy of the surroundings.
None of the above are true.

For a given compound, list the decreasing order of entropy for a liquid, solid, and gas.

The ________ Law of Thermodynamics states that for any spontaneous reaction, the entropy of the universe increases.
Fourth

Which of the following statements is true?

Processes that are spontaneous in one direction are spontaneous in the opposite direction.
Spontaneity can depend on the temperature.
Processes are spontaneous because they occur at an observable rate.
All of the statements are true.

The thermodynamic quantity that expresses the extent of randomness in a system is ________.

The entropy of the universe is ________.

Which of the following statements is false?

Any irreversible process results in an overall increase in entropy.
Entropy increases with the number of microstates of the system.
The change in entropy in a system depends on the initial and final states of the system and the path taken from one state to the other.
The total entropy of the universe increases in any spontaneous process.

Which one of the following processes produces a decrease of the entropy of the system?

Dissolving oxygen in water.
Explosion of nitroglycerine.
Boiling of alcohol.
Sublimation of naphthalene.
Dissolving sodium chloride in water.

With thermodynamics, one cannot determine ________.

BEGINNING OF CH. 20

The electrode where reduction occurs is called the anode.

The purpose of the salt bridge in an electrochemical cell is to ________.

Which one of the following types of elements is most likely to be a good oxidizing agent?

Alkali metals
Transition elements
Halogens
Alkaline earth elements
Lanthanides

Cathodic protection of a metal pipe against corrosion usually entails ________.

Define a salt bridge.

Identify the location of reduction in an electrochemical cell.

Identify the battery that is used as a common flashlight battery.

All of the following are examples of rechargeable batteries except:

Dry-cell batteries.
Lithium ion batteries.
NiMH batteries.
NiCad batteries.
Lead-acid batteries.

Describe how water can be a good conductor of current.

Describe the reactions during the electrolysis of water in an electrolytic cell.

In a voltaic cell electrons flow from the anode to the cathode.

When the cell potential is negative in a voltaic cell, the cell reaction will not proceed spontaneously.

The lithium ion battery has more energy per unit mass than nickel-cadmium batteries.

In a half reaction, the amount of a substance that is reduced or oxidized is directly proportional to the number of electrons generated in the cell.

A positive number for maximum useful work in a spontaneous process (voltaic cell) indicates that the cell will perform work on its surroundings.

BEGINNING OF CH. 21

All atoms of a given element have the same ________.

Atoms containing radioactive nuclei are called ________.

What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an element when it undergoes beta decay?

Which one of the following processes results in an increase in the atomic number

Alpha emission.
Gamma emission.
Beta emission.
Positron emission.
Corrosion.

Of the following processes, which one changes the atomic number?

Positron emission.
Alpha emission.
Beta emission.
Electron capture.
All of these processes change the atomic numbers.

In what type of radioactive decay does the atomic number of the product increase by one?

Which type of radioactive decay results in no change in mass number and atomic number for the starting nucleus?

Alpha decay produces a new nucleus whose ________ than those respectively of the original nucleus.

What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an element when it emits gamma radiation?

Atoms with the same atomic number and different mass numbers ________.

How many radioactive decay series exist in nature?

Carbon-11 decays by ________.

The formation of krypton from rubidium decay is a result of ________.

The belt of nuclear stability ends with the element ________.

What is required for a nuclear transmutation to occur?

Which one of the following is true?

All spontaneous nuclear reactions are exothermic.
There is no relationship between exothermicity and spontaneity in nuclear reactions.
All spontaneous nuclear reactions are endothermic.
Some spontaneous nuclear reactions are endothermic.
Some spontaneous nuclear reactions are exothermic.

What type of reaction is known as a thermonuclear reaction?

What exposure level to radiation is fatal to most humans?

Which one of the following forms of radiation can penetrate the deepest into body tissue?

Proton
Positron
Beta
Alpha
Gamma

Positron emission causes a decrease of one in the atomic number.

The neutron/proton ratio of stable nuclei increases with increasing atomic number.

Charged particles are accelerated because the faster they move there is a greater chance of producing a nuclear reaction.

Radioactive decay is a first order kinetic process.

The energy produced by the sun is the result of nuclear fusion.

The SI unit of an absorbed dose of radiation is the gray.

END

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