neurochem trats Flashcards

A 40-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with burning and aching pain in the joints of several of her fingers, which are swollen, warm to the touch, and erythematous. Which process most likely plays a role in the development of her inflammatory arthritis?

A 74-year-old man has an ischemic stroke. For several months after the stroke, he suffers from severe aching and burning pain of his face even though no cause for this pain can be identified. He is diagnosed with the Dejerine-Roussy syndrome. Which region of his central nervous system is most likely affected?

A 67-year-old man presents to his doctor for sciatica that is causing pain and numbness in his right leg. The patient is prescribed pain medication. Six days later, the patient is brought to a hospital with severe pain in his lumbar region. He receives intravenous corticosteroids, but after two days, he develops small vesicles and sharp pain over his left lower back and abdomen. Which type of first-order neuron carries the type of pain this patient is experiencing?

A 30-year-old woman presents to an urgent care clinic with a five-day history of severe headache that is centered on her right eye. At the clinic, the attending physician notices a few vesicles near her right eyebrow. Which pathway is involved in transmitting the pain signal?

48-year-old man with a history of a stroke presents to his primary care physician with red rash on his left upper chest and back. He has no other symptoms. The doctor diagnose herpes zoster, which is usually a very painful condition. Why is this patient not experiencing pain?

The neospinothalamic tract crosses the midline in which of the following structures?

Which tract send their axon through anterior spinothalamic tract to VPL?

What is the definition of allodynia?

Which one of the following nociceptors is silent nociceptor?

Which one of the following factors does not activate nociceptors?

A 55-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Her doctor suggests she increase her daily activity, take extra care to avoid falling, and begin a daily calcium supplement. What is a possible synaptic consequence if she decides not to take the calcium supplement?

A researcher is studying the effects of a new potential treatment for epilepsy. She injects several epileptic animals with the treatment and monitors their seizure activity. The treated animals show a decrease in seizure activity, while control animals do not. Further, the treated animals demonstrate increased memory formation. What is the mechanism that most likely underlies this effect?

A 75-year-old woman is brought to the clinic with signs of age-related dementia. She sometimes cannot remember details, dates, or places, and infrequently misses appointments. Physical examination shows no abnormalities, and the attending physician does not suggest an MRI. Which neurotransmitter is most likely dysfunctional?

A 40-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital following a car accident. After her recovery, she is able to perform procedural tasks, such as making a simple meal, and is able to participate in tennis, a sport she enjoyed before the accident. She is also able to remember events before the accident, but not after. Why is she able to remember past events?

17-year-old male is brought into the ER with a suspected concussion from a football game. He is confused and disoriented, and has trouble remembering recent events. Which part of the brain is most likely causing his memory problems?

A 30-year-old female is admitted to the hospital after a seizure. When questioned, she cannot recall the events prior to the seizure. Why?

A small child is brought into the emergency room after hitting his head. He is having trouble remembering things. MRI seans show normal activity in the temporal lobe. Which receptor could be affected?

Classical conditioning is an example of:

Short term memories can involve all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A 50-year old patient with recent damage to the hippocampus from a stroke would likely have all of the following deficits except

A 3-year-old boy is undergoing an assessment at school. He is having trouble identifying the correct image when given a set of instructions that includes color and shape. His difficulty with visual acuity and interpretation is most likely caused by damage to which of the following structures?

A 35-year-old pregnant woman presents to her obstetrician because she is concerned about possible brain malformations of her child since she uses cocaine occasionally. Her obstetrician determines that the patient is most likely in her 11" week of pregnancy, and decides to perform a fetal ultrasound. The radiologist interprets the fetal Mesencephalon to be small for gestational age. At birth, which region of the baby's brain will most likely be abnormally small?

A 52-year-old man presents to his internist due to sleeping issues. He stresses that he is having problems sleeping and recently began experiencing memory loss. He is extremely sensitive to both pain and touch.

The doctor interprets his symptoms as consistent with originating in the thalamus. Which structure gives rise to the thalamus?

A 30-year-old woman is in her 15th week of pregnancy when she has a blood test to check her alpha-fetoprotein level. Alpha-fetoprotein testing is a way to screen for certain birth defects, including anencephaly. At birth, the infant is found to be missing the part of the brain associated with thinking and coordination. Which brain structure is absent in this infant?

A 37-year-old woman in her 7th week of pregnancy presents to her obstetrician for a routine prenatal visit, including a fetal ultrasound. The obstetrician and radiologist diagnose holoprosencephaly, which they explain to the woman as the failure of the prosencephalon to divide properly. Which neural structures are especially impacted by this disorder?

A 25-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room of a large hospital after a car accident. Her main injury is to the medulla. The patient is experiencing irregular breathing, difficulty swallowing and talking, and drooling. Which structure does the medulla belong to?

A 15-year-old girl is brought to her pediatrician by her parents because they are concerned that she is using illicit drugs, skipping most of her classes, and stays away from home without telling them where she is. As a young child, she was diagnosed with fetal hydantoin (dilantin) syndrome because her mother took phenytoin during pregnancy. She was born with a cleft palate that was repaired when she was a young child. For most of her childhood, she experienced mild growth retardation. Her current behavior could be attributed to the effects of the drug on a structure in her brain. Which structure is most likely affected?

54-year-old woman slipped and fell in her driveway. She sustained head trauma, including to her face.

As a result, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is leaking from her nose. She now presents to the emergency room, where the attending physician diagnoses a concussion and a CSF leak. Where is CS normally located?

A 20-year-old man presents to his family physician with a high fever, sore throat, and severe headache.

The doctor diagnoses the patient as having meningitis, which is an inflammation of the meninges, often due to a bacterial infection. Which is a component of the meninges?

A 67-year-old man has a car accident during which he sustains head trauma. He is rushed to a large hospital where a skull fracture is diagnosed. It is so severe that bone fragments have punctured the meninges and penetrated the most superficial layer of the parietal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere.

Which is the most superficial layer of the cerebral hemispheres?

A laboratory rat was injected with non-lethal picrotoxin. What would you expect to see?

A 38-year-old male was recently diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, a disease that is associated with muscle weakness and fatigue. His physician used a blood test to aid her in the diagnosis of this disease. What did the blood analysis test for?

A 20-year-old man visits a genetic counselor. His father, who is 51 years old, was recently diagnosed with Huntington's chorea. The young man is concerned that he may have inherited the gene for this autosomal dominant disease. He has also heard from his father that there is a drug that may help in Huntington's disease. Which neurotransmitter is a likely target for such a drug?

A 33-year-old woman visits her primary care physician concerning issues with insomnia and migraine headaches. After a history and physical exam, her doctor preseribes Cymbalta, a drug that will increase the availability of the TWO neurotransmitters

A 28-year-old man visits his primary care physician because has been using cocaine in ever-increasing quantities over the last two years. His interpersonal and professional relationships are deteriorating, and he suffers from insomnia and lethargy. He wants his doctor to help him stop using cocaine. His doctor tells him that he will be researching the possibility of a stay at a schabilitation facility. A major effect of cocaine is the

A 20-year-old woman has been struggling with an eating disorder for the past two years. After several attempts of trying to deal with her disease on her own, the patient has decided to seek medical help. Her family physician initially considers prescribing fenfluramine, which increases serotonin availability. How does fenfluramine increase the availability of serotonin?

A 43-year-old woman presents to her internist because for the last six months she has been worrying about her job, her two children and husband, and her health, even though nothing very troubling is happening with her family or at work. She has trouble falling and staying asleep, has difficulty concentrating, and has become increasingly irritable. Her doctor is concerned that the patient is suffering from generalized anxiety disorder and may benefit from therapy. He refers her to a mental health provider. In addition to therapy, some drugs may alleviate the symptoms of this disorder. GABA is often a target in this pharmacologic approach. What is the effect of such a drug on GABA?

A 37-year-old man has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. For about a year, the patient has tried multiple medications, but is still suffering from the associated symptoms of his disease. After multiple failed attempts trying to find an effective treatment modality, the patient's psychiatrist proposes that the patient participate in a clinical trial that will study neurotransmitters associated with bipolar disorder. Which is the most likely neurotransmitter that will be studied in this trial?

A 59-year-old woman is diagnosed with Parkinson's disease after suffering through numerous episodes of orthostatic hypotension, constipation, and fatigue, but no demonstrable motor deficits.

These nonmotor symptoms can also be seen in Parkinson's disease, and have led to the belief that there is a second neurotransmitter that is affected in this disease. Given the patient's symptoms, which neurotransmitter is likely involved in Parkinson's in addition to dopamine?

A 22-year-old woman suffers from anxiety, hearing voices, and major depression for which she is referred to a psychiatrist by her family physician. After careful observation and examination, she is diagnosed with schizophrenia and prescribed antipsychotic medication. Which neurotransmitter is a likely target in the pharmacological treatment of the patient's schizophrenia?

A three-month-old baby was diagnosed with infant botulism, a very rare infection. The etiology of the infection is not known. The infant presented respiratory failure and had to be intubated. Stool samples confirmed the presence of the toxin. A mouse bioassay was performed, injecting mice with samples and another group with samples treated with antisera. The second group of mice did not present symptoms. What was the mechanism of the antisera?

A child is exposed to strychnine. Which channel types are affected by strychnine?

A 10-month-old child presented ptosis of the right eye. Abnormal titers of anti-acetylcholine receptor binding antibodies were found. The child was diagnosed with familial infantile myasthenia, which presents an alteration in the formation of new synaptic vesicles after endocytosis. This leads to a reduction in the quanta of neurotransmitter. What effect does this have on the synaptic vesicles?

A child playing in the backyard gets bitten by a funnel web spider. The child experiences ptosis of the left eye and dysphagia within the first 10 minutes after the bite. The venom of this spider is an ion channel inhibitor. Why is this venom lethal to humans?

A 70-year-old patient with Lambert-Eaton syndrome has been diagnosed with small cell carcinoma, a form of lung cancer. This type of cancer initiates an immune response to calcium channels. How does this affect synaptic transmission?

A patient enters the emergeney room after experiencing symmetric cranial nerve paralysis.

The patient is a heroin addict with an abscess at the site of injection. The doctor suspects wound botulism. What is the action mechanism of the toxin?

A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with Lambert-Eaton syndrome, an autoimmune disorder that presents as weakness in the proximal muscles of the arms and legs. This disorder disrupts the quantal release of acetylcholine. Which of the following would be an explanation?

A group of children playing in the woods start eating some mushrooms, thinking they are puffballs. The mushrooms produce ibotenic acid. which is an agonist of NMDA receptors. What effect would this agonist have on synaptic transmission?

A 35-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with ptosis and diplopia and weakness of voluntary muscles. She is diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, an autosomal disorder in which the body attacks its own neurotransmission receptors. How would this disorder affect synaptic terminals?

A 16-year-old boy was on a school excursion to Asia when he was bitten by a krait snake. He started experiencing severe abdominal pain and vomiting. The boy developed respiratory paralysis. The krait snake produces alpha-bungarotoxin. What type of receptors does this toxin bind to?

A 37-year-old woman comes to see you in your family medicine clinic because the medication she is taking for her moderately severe seasonal allergies makes her extremely drowsy. You advise her to switch from the current first-generation antihistamine she is taking to a newer second-generation antihistamine because you know the latter has less incidence of drowsiness as it cannot penetrate the BBB. Which cell type in the CNS is most responsible for forming the BBB?

A 45-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of persistent headache for the past several months. After an extensive workup, he is found to have an intraparenchymal brain tumor. On biopsy, the pathologist reports that the tumor has myelin elements. From what cell type in the CNS did this tumor likely arise?

A 21-year-old college student is brought into the emergency room complaining of the worst headache of his life. On examination he is noted to have a stiff neck and photophobia. As the physician on duty, you are concerned that this young man may have bleeding from a ruptured aneurysm. You perform a CT sean followed by a lumbar puncture which returns bloody cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), confirming your suspicion. Neurosurgery is called and the patient is rushed to surgery. Where was this bloody CSF obtained from?

A 25-year-old woman presents to the ER because of protracted vomiting and diarrhea from what she believed to be food poisoning. Although afebrile, she is pale and obviously volume depleted. She also complains of generalized weakness and fotigue. Initial laboratory tests are remarkable for a K" of 2.8 mEq/L. (normal value 4,0 mEg/L). How would the physician expect the marked hypokalemia to affect the resting membrane potential of the nerves?

A 47-year-old woman presents to your office complaining of paresthesias. Affer a rather extensive workup, you are unable to discover the source of her problem and you decide to check. the resting membrane potential of her sensory nerves. The microclectrode is inserted, and the intracellular potential is measured as -65 mV (which is normal). What relative ionie concentrations are responsible for maintaining this membrane potential?

A researcher in a neuroscience laboratory is investigating the behavior of neuronal membrane potentials in the immediate postmortem period in rats. She notes that immediately following death, the resting membrane potential remains the same as when the animal was alive but that it Slowly decreases toward zero over the following hours. What cellular mechanism is most responsible for maintaining the resting potential?

A second-ycar medical student is interested in studying the effects of several compounds on neurons.

Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside that can be toxic but, in some instances, such as certain cardiac arrhytlimias, low doses can be therapeutic. Its mechanism of action is to bind to and thereby inhibit the Na/KATPase (sodium potassium ion'pump). The student wants to investigate the effect of ouabain on action potentials in neurons and decides to study cultured mouse neurons. What will happen to the neuronal action potential once ouabain is applied?

A 52-year-old man is rushed to the emergency room (ER) in Osaka, Japan, The patient was having dinner in a restaurant that specializes in unusual fish delicacies when he suddenly had difficulty breathing.

On arrival to the ER he had to be intubated immediately. The voltage- gated channel of which on is blocked by this toxin?

A 30-year-old man is broughe to an urgent care clinic by his wife after having double vision in his right. eye for the last hour. About six months ago, he had severe pain in his left eye with loss of vision for several days, which resolved on its own. On brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lesions of the white matter in both cerebral hemispheres are identified. He was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.

Which substance is damaged by this disease and causes the findings on the brain MRI?

A 52-year-old man is rushed to the emergency room (ER) in Osaka, Japan. The patient was having dinner in a restaurant that specializes in unusual fish delicacies when he suddenly had difficulty breathing.

On arrival to the ER he had to be intubated immediately. Which one of the following toxin is responsible for his symptoms?