What is the pressure within the alveoli called?
Intrapulmonary pressure
What can a spirometer data be used to identify?
Restrictive disease
Obstructive pulmonary disease
Which of the following are respiratory system processes?
External respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
Which of the following are true about the incentive spirometer?
It helps exercise the lungs
It aids in clearing excessive mucus
What are the two vital processes involved in oxygen transport in blood?
Loading oxygen into RBC and combining with protonated hemoglobin
Unloading carbon dioxide from RBC into blood plasma
Which condition is caused by punctured parietal pleura or ruptured visceral pleura?
Pneumothorax
What determines the volume of the lungs?
Transpulmonary pressure
Which process moves air into the lungs?
Inspiration
Which process diffuses gases between blood to lungs?
External respiration
What is the process of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood vessels and tissues called?
Internal respiration
During acclimatization to high altitudes, what leads to increased ventilation?
Fine tuning of plasma chemoreceptors
Which factor is involved in abrupt increases in ventilation during hyperpnea?
Psychological stimuli
Which of the following types of dead space is caused by nonfunctional alveoli?
Alveolar dead space
What is the relationship between pressure and volume modeled by?
Boyle’s Law
What can cause the formation of lactic acid during anaerobic respiration?
Limitation of cardiac output
Limitation of oxygen loading in skeletal muscles
Which of the four major processes of respiration focuses on exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Transport
Which of the following is the equation used in pulmonary functional test?
FVC/FEV1 x 100 = (%)
What is hyperpnea?
Increased ventilation rate
Which of the following are the two volumes of the lungs?
Vital capacity
Residual capacity
Which of the following are lung capacities?
Inspiratory capacity
Functional residual capacity
Which of the following statements about intrapleural pressure is true?
It fluctuates with breathing
It is always negative
What altitude can cause mountain sickness?
Above 2400 meters
Which of the following is the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level?
760 mmHg
What is used to assess ventilation?
Spirometer
What is the term for air remaining in passageways that does not contribute to gas exchange?
Anatomical dead space
At what concentration should maximum oxygen be given to a patient?
Two atms
Which chemical is released during acute allergic responses to promote edema and mucus secretion?
Histamine
Which cell produces IgE antibodies in acute allergic responses?
Plasma cells
Which regions do antibodies have?
Stem region that can remain bound to the B cell
Antigen-binding site
Which types of reactions occur in subacute hypersensitivities?
Cytotoxic reactions
IgM and IgG transferred via blood plasma or serum
Which type(s) of immune response may be hypersensitivity reactions?
Immediate hypersensitivity
Delayed hypersensitivity
Which of the following processes involve the clonal selection of B cells?
Identification of the correct antibody for a specific antigen
Which of the following statements are true about natural killer cells?
They contain granules that cause inflammation
They activate target cells to apoptosis
They survey the blood and lymph for invaders
Which stage(s) are included in the mechanism of immediate hypersensitivity?
Subsequent responses
Sensitization
Which of the following cell types originate in the bone marrow?
T cells
B cells
Which of the following benefits are associated with inflammation?
Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
Activates the adaptive immune system
Prevents spread of damaging agents
Promotes repair
Which of the following are components of the adaptive defense system?
Humoral immunity with B cells
Cell-Mediated immunity with T cells
Which of the following chemicals are produced by body membranes to inhibit or destroy microorganisms?
Enzymes
Defensins
Acids
Which of the following diseases are caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
Reduction of cellular immunity
Opportunistic infections
Which of the following are true about antigens?
They provoke an immune response
They are targets of the adaptive immune system
Which of the following is a stage of inflammation?
Release of inflammatory chemicals leading to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Which of the following diseases are caused by immunodeficiencies?
Hodgkin's disease
Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome
Which line(s) of defense are included in the immune system?
Innate defense system
Adaptive defense system
Which of the following are components of the innate second line of defense?
Natural killer cells
Cells that respond with inflammation
Phagocytes
Which of the following are true about autoimmune diseases?
The antibodies produced destroy body tissues
They occur as the immune system loses the ability to distinguish self
Which of the following are features of Treg cells?
They reduce inflammation during exercise
They maintain the homeostasis of the immune system
What is the main function of the spleen? (Select all that apply)
The spleen has overlapping functions with the lymph node to survey for invaders.
The spleen recycles iron, platelets, and monocytes.
The spleen has a blood supply.
Which of the following statements about the lymph nodes is correct? (Select all that apply)
Afferent vessels feed the lymph node and efferent vessels empty lymph nodes.
The lymph node cleans and houses cells that survey the lymph for invaders.
Which of the following statements regarding the lymphatic vessels is true? (Select all that apply)
The lymphatic vessels can take in large molecules/particles.
The collecting lymphatic vessels have one-way check valves.
The lymphatic vessels are blind-ended meaning they have flaplike minivalves that make them more permeable when compared to blood capillaries.
Lymph transport is driven by smooth muscle around lymph walls, contraction of skeletal muscle, and valves preventing backflow.
Which of the following statements about the thymus is correct? (Select all that apply)
The thymus houses T cells during their maturation process.
The thymus is very specialized and lacks B cells.
The blood thymus barrier maintains the isolation of T cells from antigens
What is true about MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues)? (Select all that apply)
MALT house many types of immune cells.
MALT includes tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and appendix.
Which of the following statements about inflamed lymph nodes is correct? (Select all that apply)
Inflamed or swollen lymph nodes can be a sign of cancer development.
Inflamed or swollen lymph nodes are known as buboes that result when an active immune response is occurring.
Which of the following statements about the lymphatic system is correct? (Select all that apply)
Lymph is fluid that flows through the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system has vessels that are one-way.
The lymph is cleaned in lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system is designed to return and clean interstitial fluid.
What are the functions of blood?
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
What are the layers formed by the centrifugation of blood?
Buffy coat
Erythrocytes
Plasma
What components are included in formed elements?
WBC (Leukocytes)
RBC (Erythrocytes)
Platelets
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
Which blood group systems cause the most vigorous transfusion reactions?
Rh
ABO
Which phase of hemostasis involves platelet plug formation?
Platelet plug formation
Which agglutinogens are present in type O blood?
Neither A nor B
What is the protein found in RBCs?
Hemoglobin
What is the range of RBCs' lifespan?
100-120 days
Which hormone stimulates the formation of RBCs?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
When is anti-Rh created in Rh^- individuals?
After the first exposure to Rh^+ blood
How is a platelet formed?
Differentiates from a megakaryocyte
Which leukocytes contain granules that promote inflammation?
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
What type of stem cells produce all other elements besides B and T cells (Lymphocytes)?
Myeloid stem cells
What is the role of albumin in blood plasma?
Buffering blood pH
Maintaining osmotic pressure
When do anti-A or anti-B form in the blood?
At about 2 months of age
What indicates the presence of the D antigen in blood?
Rh^+
Which cells in our bodies are absent of nucleus and organelles?
RBCs (Erythrocytes)
Which blood type is considered the universal donor?
Type O
Which cells are classified as Agranulocytes?
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
What is the main component of blood plasma?
Water
Which organ is responsible for oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading within RBCs?
Lungs
How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin transport?
4
What does blood deliver to cells?
Nutrients
Oxygen
Hormones
What forms a matrix of trapped RBCs and platelets in hemostasis?
Fibrin