Chapter 14 Flashcards

The psychological tendency to evaluate an object with some degree of favor or disfavor

Predispose our reaction to objects/people/events

When outside influences are minimal

When the attitude and behavior are specific

When you are made acutely aware of your attitudes

A state of tension resulting from two inconsistent attitudes

Aversive emotional states

Motivates us to regain consistency

More like when your behaviors have consequences

Observation: Effort justification

"Discussion on the psychology of sex"

Getting women to say sexual words for a club are more likely to stay compared to those who dont stay

The kinds of objectives that are the hardest for us to achieve, demand considerably more energy, and that we have to fight for, are what we consider to be the most valuable

Freely mad choice/decision

Effort put into a decision/choice

Behavior that conflicts with you review of yourself

DSM-5-TR

The illusion of objectivity

Homosexuality used to be considered an illness

Categories vs. Dimensions

• You either have it or you don't but disorder don't exist in that way

Risk of labels

We still need classification

Pinpoint condition

Prognosis's

More than one disorder is comorbidity

Psychological disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of true danger

The unexplainable and continually tense, general state of autonomic arousal

Free-floating anxiety

Intrusive worries

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks

Worry/concern over additional attacks

evolution "prepares" us to be anxious and leads to a lot of false positives

Cognitive factors matter attention to threatening stimuli, interpretation of stimuli, catastrophic cognitions

there is a genetic component but not for specific types of anxiety disorders

Exposure theory can be very effective

For at least two weeks, depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day

The feeling of worthlessness, guilt, fatigue, sleep problems, eating problems, hard to concentrate, thoughts of death

It is heterogeneous

it's becoming more common among young people

simplistic theories about neurotransmitters are not accurate

Medication helps

It tends to recur, but it also tends to get better

Depression alternating with manic episodes

• Abnormally elevated mood
• Inflated self-esteem
• Decreased need for sleep
• Unusually talkative, racing thoughts

Our treatment options are still limited primarily lithium

They have high genetic loading

may involve reward over sensibility in the brain

The "split"

Positive symptoms:

• Gaining
• Delusions
• Hallucination

Disorganized speech and behavior

Negative Symptoms:

• Flat affect being blunt
• Anhedonia
• Social withdrawal

Are symptoms that are in excess or added to normal mental functioning

Symptoms that result in the loss or absence of normal function

Its is heterogenous and it has more spectrum

Key neurotraumatic inclement do propane recall of glutamate

Structural brain abnormalities: frontal lobes, ventricles, thalamus

Possible excessive pruning of synapses in adolescence

Pre-natal environment matters

Genes and environmental matter

your attitudes affect your behaviors, but your behavior can also affect you attitudes

The power of the situation

illusion became a reality

This is what happens when the powerful have control over the powerless group

He was in the study himself

Role-playing prisoners and guards

• Influenced by TV

Demand Characterizes:

• This is when the participants find out what the experimenters want the participants tend to act that way
• Zimbardo told them how to behave
• The ideas about how to guard did not come from the guards

Adjust your behavior so it is in line with everybody

To get societal approval or avoid rejection

The group provides valuable information

Adjusting your behavior to bring into line with a group standard

75% conformed at least once

At least 3 people in a group

group is unanimous

group is high-status/attractive

no prior commitment to another response

your response is public

Random assignment

• Voltage increases every time someone gives that wrong answer
• no actual voltage was given however that's what they thought
• they wanted to stop but never did

Obedience is highest when

• person giving orders perceived as legitimate authority
• supported by prestigious institution
• victim depersonalized or at a distance
• No role model for defiance

Evidence that situation can be power

The ethics of the study

Mean illness or disorder of the mind

The factor that contributes to its development

Often credited as the founder of modern medicine, they classified psychopathologies into mania, melancholia, and phrenitis, the latter characterized by mental confusion

Resulted from the relative amount of "humor" or bodily fluids, a person possessed

There was a physical bias

Elevated mood that feels "like on top of the world"

Which implies that a person either has a psychological disorder or does not

fails to capture differences in the severity of a disorder

Which implies psychological disorders along a continuum on which people vary in degree rather than in kind

fails to set a threshold an disorders and a range

A method that defines basic aspects of functioning and considers them across multiple level of analysis, from genes to brain system to behavior

Though people may be diagnosed with two or more disorders, a dual diagnosis is common

• Underlying factor p factor

Was involved in all types of psychological disorders

higher scores on the p factor were associated with more life impairment, such as suicide attempts, hospitalization

• also predicts a worsening of impairments overtime
• Stable over time

A diagnostic model proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Think about the interaction between environment and person at the onset of psychopathology

There is an important genetic factor

Affect the production and levels of neurotransmitters and their receptor sites

also the size and shape of the brain

A diagnostic model that considers problems within an individual as indicating problems within the family problems

A diagnostic that views psychology as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures

A diagnosis model that views psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive thoughts and beliefs

Are characterized by negative emotions and they can be divided into broad categories that reflect the emotions of distress and fear

Internalizing is more prevalent in women

Are characterized by impulsive or out of control behavior

More seen in men

Wester cultures

• men will drown their sorrows in alcohol

Expectation of how women react to emotional distress is different

Schizophrenia

Bipolar disorder

disorders that include a cluster of symptoms that are found in specific cultural groups or region

Fear of something that is disproportionate to the treat

Fear of being negatively evaluted by others in a social setting

Sudden attacks of overwhelming terror

Fear of being in a situation from which one cannot escape, panic attacks

A form of depression that is not severe enough to diagnosed as major depressive disorder but last longer

so prevalent

leading causes to disability

stigmatized in american cultural group

higher rates in women

Monoamides

neurotransmitters

motivate behavior

medication decrease levels of neurotransmitters

described the causes for depression as negative thoughts and beliefs about one self

refers these negative thoughts as cognitive Tirdad

People with depression make errors with logic

Negative thoughts and beliefs of ones self

A cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events in their lives

A disorder characterized by extremely elevated moods during manic episodes and frequently depressive episodes as well

Disturbances and hallucination

A disorder characterized by alternating periods or extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

Hypomania

Severe depression

False beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality

False sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source

Where the show a decrease in responsive to the environment because negative symptoms are more resistant to medication researcher have speculated that positive and negative symptoms have different biological causes

A disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentive and impulsivity

The causes ADHD

• one difficultly n pinpointing the etiologic is that it is most likely heterogenous disorder

Some research theorized that the increased stress of urban environment can trigger the onset of the disorder

runs in families