Catabolism
Involves the breakdown of complex organic molecules to extract energy and form simpler end products
Anabolism
uses the energy to synthesize necessary macromolecules and cell structures from simple precursors
Substrate
Promotes a reaction by serving as a physical site upon which the reactant molecules, can be positioned for various interactions
Why can vitamin deficiencies prevent the complete holoenzyme from forming?
Because the most important components of coenzymes are vitamins.
Thermal Energy
From molecular motion
Radiant Energy
From visible light or other rays
Electrical energy
From a flow of electrons
Mechanical energy
From a physical change in position
Atomic energy
From reactions in the nucleus of an atom
Chemical energy
Present in the bonds of molecules
Three main catabolic pathways of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Enzymes are made of
proteins
Holoenzyme
An enzyme complete with its apoenzyme and cofactors
Apoenzyme
The protein part of an enzyme as opposed to the nonprotein or inorganic cofactors
Cofactor
An enzyme accessory. It can be organic, such as coenzymes, or inorganic, such as Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, or other metallic ions.
Coenzyme
A complex organic molecule, several of which are derived from vitamins (e.g., nicotinamide or niacin, riboflavin). A coenzyme operates in conjunction with an enzyme. Coenzymes serve as transient carriers of specific atoms or functional groups during metabolic reactions.
Nucleotide Analogs definition
a compound that is structurally similar to a nucleotide, which is a building block of DNA and RNA. Nucleotide analogs are used as anti-cancer and anti-viral drugs.
"fake nucleotides"
Nucleotide analogs (examples)
Acyclovir, Ribavirin, Azidothymidine
What can Acyclovir combat?
Herpesviruses- herpes simplex virus infections , varicella zoster (chickenpox), and herpes zoster (shingles)
What can Ribavirin combat?
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hemorrhagic fevers
What can Azidothymidine combat?
HIV
Strategies for Suspecting Drug Resistance and Identifying Drug Resistant Pathogens
Clinical Observation, In Vitro studies, gene copy number analysis, gene sequence comparison
In vitro vs in vivo
In vitro- in a test tube
In vivo- in the host
Purines
Adenine, guanine
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, thymine, uracil
Neutrophils
The most common WBC, they have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic
Cytochromes
The redox carriers of the electron transport chain that have a tightly bound metal atom responsible for accepting and donating electrons are