Microbiology Test 2 Flashcards

These structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors.

True or False: Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle.

Viruses with __________ sense RNA contain the correct message for translation, while viruses with _________ sense RNA must first be converted into a correct message.

The capsomers are made of

Which of the following will not support viral cultivation?

Clostridium botulinum is made virulent by incorporated prophage genes encoding for the botulinum toxin. What term describes this process?

In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____, while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____.

Freshly isolated animal tissue that is placed in a growth medium and allowed to produce a cell monolayer is referred to as a cell culture.

All of the following is correct about treating viral diseases except

Viruses have all the following except

True or False: The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses has determined that there are only three orders of viruses.

True or False: Viruses are ultramicroscopic because they range in size from 2 mm to 450 mm.

The correct sequence of events in viral multiplication is

True or False: Bacteriophages do not undergo adsorption to specific host cell receptors prior to penetration.

Viral growth in bird embryos can cause discrete, opaque spots in the embryonic membranes called

Viruses belong to which of the following Kingdoms?

Oncogenic viruses include all the following except

Which of the following viruses did D. Ivanovski and M. Beijerinck work with?

How do enveloped animal viruses exit their host?

True or False: Spikes are glycoproteins of the virus capsid.

Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called _____.

Virus capsids are made from subunits called

Uncoating of viral nucleic acid

The virus-induced, specific damage to the host cell that can be seen in a light microscope is called

Satellite viruses are

Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called

Creutzfeld-Jacob disease is

True or False: The adeno-associated virus (AAV) and the delta agent are prions.

Classification of viruses into families involves determining all the following characteristics except

Which of the following represents a virus family name?

Host cells of viruses include

A(n) _____ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus.

True or False: Viral spikes are inserted into the host cell membrane before budding or exocytosis occurs.

A naked virus does not have a(n) ________ .

True or False: No cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome linked to eating infected cows have occurred in the United States.

True or False: When a virus enters a host cell, the viral genes redirect the genetic and metabolic activities of the host cell.

The core of every virus particle always contains

Which of the following is correct
about viruses?

When a virus enters a lysogenic phase, it means

All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except they

Two noncellular agents, smaller than viruses, are the infectious proteins called _______ , and the infectious RNA strands called ________ .

Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect?

T-even phages

Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called

True or False: Viral infections are easier to treat with drugs than bacterial infections.

Diagnosis of viral infections sometimes involves analyzing the patient's blood for specific _____ that the immune system produced against the virus.

True or False: A closed culture system is used to determine a population growth curve.

The E. coli that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K that the body uses would be best termed a _____ relationship.

Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called

The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called the

What type of media is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes?

The methanogens, producers of methane gas, require environments that

The use of energy by a cell to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it is called

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes,

An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is a(n)

Aerobic respiration is an example of

The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semi permeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier but no energy expenditure is called

True or False: A saprobe with a cell wall will utilize extracellular digestion.

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the

True or False: Anaerobes can be cultured in a CO₂ environment.

True or False: Obligate saprobes can adapt to a living host.

All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth except

A halophile would grow best in

An organic nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be provided is called a/an

The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the

True or False: Facilitated diffusion and active transport require a carrier protein to mediate the movement across the plasma membrane.

In _____ conditions, the cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting.

True or False: Whether an organism is an autotroph or heterotroph depends on its source of nitrogen.

True or False: After binary fission, daughter cells will differ genetically.

Microorganisms that live in severe habitats, such as very hot, acidic or salty environments, are called

When it is important to count the number of cells, determine cell size and differentiate between dead and live cells a ___ is used.

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab bench top, on the shelf of a 37° C incubator and on the shelf of a 50° C incubator. After incubation, there was no growth at 37° C and 50° C, slight growth out on the bench top and abundant growth at refrigeration. What term could be used for this species?

The production of antibiotics is a form of antagonism called

True or False: The time that it takes for a freshly inoculated agar culture to develop visible colonies is principally governed by that species' generation time.

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are moved to salty seawater would

Contractile vacuoles are

Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm.

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell, this endocytosis is specifically termed

An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a(n)

True or False: Most microorganisms on earth can only live and survive in habitats that are similar to human body conditions.

Calcium is required for bacteria because

An important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated out on the incubator shelf, in an anaerobic jar and in a candle jar. After incubation there was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anaerobic jars, but heavy growth of the culture on the incubator shelf. This species is a/an

An organism that can exist in both oxygen and oxygen-less environments is a(n)

True or False: Inorganic nitrogen must be converted to ammonia to be used by a cell.

Growth factors

The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semi permeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure of energy is called

Diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane is called

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment, metabolizing but not growing is the

A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with

Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure and metabolism

The term facultative refers to

Why are Archea as a group are not pathogens?

The term phototroph refers to an organism that

True or False: Bacteria have an average generation time of 24 hours.

True or False Whether an organism is a phototroph or a chemotroph depends on its source of energy.

What is a virus?

What did Ivanoski and Beijerink do?

Viruses have DNA ____(and/or)___ RNA

What is the most abundant microbe on earth?

Are viruses cellular or noncellular?

Can viruses metabolize?

Are viruses capable of replicating without a cellular host?

Can viruses form their own structures and receptors?

What is a capsid?

What is the capsid together with the nucleic acid called?

What are the identical protein subunits of a capsid called?

Give some examples of enveloped viruses

What are the two structural capsid types

Why can enveloped viruses not survive long outside of a host?

What are the capsid and envelope responsible for?

What are spikes essential for?

Give an example of a plant virus that is enveloped

_____________ viruses possess great adaptability and can change in a short time in order to invade the immune system

What kind of virus uses bacteria as its host

What are the general phases in animal virus multiplication cycle

Give examples of DNA viruses

Give examples of RNA viruses

ssRNA genomes ready for immediate translation are

ssRNA genomes that must be converted into proper form are

what is needed to convert negative sense RNA to positive sense RNA

Family names of viruses end in

Genus name of viruses ends in

What is endocytosis

What is fusion

Where are DNA viruses assembled

Where are RNA viruses assembled

What are the two ways viruses can leave a host

Define Cytopathic effect (CPE)

Define persistent infections and give examples

Define oncoviruses and give examples

What are the stages of bacteriophage replication in order

What are the two life cycles of a bacteriophage

What kind of phages undergo adsorption and penetration but don't replicate

The viral genome inserts into bacterial genome and becomes an inactive __________.

When a prophage is retained and copied during normal cell division resulting in the transfer of temperate phage genome to all host cell progeny is called?

______________ can occur resulting in activation of lysogenic prophage followed by viral replication and cell lysis

Lysogeny results in the spread of the virus without ___________ the host cell

What is lysogenic conversion

What methods can you use to grow viruses

True or False: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites

What are prions

What are some prion diseases common in animals

Give examples of Human prion diseases

Describe Satellite viruses

Describe viroids

What are essential nutrients

96% of cell is composed of 6 elements name those elements

Heterotroph

Autotroph

Chemotroph

Phototroph

Saprobes

Parasites

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Isotonic

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

What is a niche when referring to bacteria

psychrophiles

mesophile

thermophiles

Enzymes that function at high temperatures or other harsh conditions are called:

What does Thermoduric mean

enzymes that kill toxic oxygen products

utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it

cannot grow without oxygen aerobe EX: Micrococcus luteus

utilizes O2 if it is available, but can also grow in the absence of O2 EX: Staphylococci

requires only a small amount of oxygen Helicobacter pylori

does not utilize oxygen

lacks the enzymes to detoxify O2 so can not survive in an O2 environment EX: Clostridium

do not utilize O2 but can survive and grow in its presence EX: Lactobacilli

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Capnophile

require a high concentration of salt

do not require high concentration of solute but can tolerate it when it occurs

can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure

Biofilms

quorum sensing

Beneficial biofilms

Harmful biofilms

Microbial growth occurs at two levels growth at a cellular level with increase in ________ and increase in ____________.

Division of bacterial cells occurs mainly through ______________

Time required for a complete fission cycle is called the ________________, or doubling time

Each new fission cycle increases the population by a factor of ______.

Rate of population growth forumla

What are the 4 stages of the population growth curve

What stage is best for Gram staining

What stage is best for motility testing

What stage is best for endospore staining

Define metabolism

Define Anabolism

Define Catabolism

What is an enzyme

Define exoenzymes and give examples

Define endoenzymes

Define labile

Define denaturation

Substances that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site

enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate away from the active site

What are the 3 linked pathways of catabolism

Bioenergetics

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

Fermentation

limiting factors intensify, cells die exponentially

grow at extreme acid pH

grow at extreme alkaline pH