Biology: Concepts and Investigations: Biology Final Exam Flashcards

Amino Acids

1 water is released. *monomers joing, 1 less water is given off; 13 join, 12 water is given off*

1-Versatile Solvent
2- H2O molecules are cohesive (hydrogen bonds)
3- Temperature of liquid H2O rises and falls slower than other liquids
4-Tends to remain a liquid
5-Frozen H2O is less dense

potential hydrogen

0-14; measure of hydrogen ion concetration in a solution

0-7: Acidic
7: Neutral
7-14: Basic

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Saturated: solid at room temperature, have all the hydrogen it can hold, no double bonds
Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature, double bonds, contains less hydrogen and has kinks

largest organelle; contains DNA; control center of the cell

Make proteins

Where photosynthesis takes place

Makes ATP, powerhouse of the cell

Digestive organelle; contain hydrolytic enzymes

Invovled in modification, packaging, and secretion

System of internal membranes
Smooth:makes lipids
Rough:has ribosomes; makes proteins to be exported from cell

Solute is substance dissolved; Solvent is what the solute dissolves into (most common solvent is H2O)

Movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration

Movement of H2O from more h@O to less H2O across a membrane

The ability to do work

Energy cannot be created, or destroyed within the universe

No energy conversion is 100% efficient

The sun's energy is captured to produce chemical nutrient energy (food) for plants

chemical nutrient energy (food) converted into ATP for every living thing

It is the "energy currency" of teh cell. COntain high energy phosphate bonds
Has one 5 carbon sugar; ribose, nitrogenous base (adenine) and 3 phosphate groups. *Adenine triphosphate*

An organic molecule that catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction without being consumed.

1- Temperature
2- pH
3- Pharmaceutical Drugs

Gamma-> X-ray -> Ultra Violet -> Visible -> Infrared -> TV -> Radio

Visible light

It reflects green light, and absorbs red and blue very strongly

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide + water =sugar + oxygen

Requires light; occurs in teh thylakoids
Captures sun's energy and produces NADPH and ATP

Can occur day or night (doesn't require light); occurs in the stroma
Reduces CO2 to sugar, using ATP and NADPH; involves the Calvin Cycle

Light is absorbed in Photosystem 2; the energy of teh sunlight activates electron's to jump to the electron acceptors; these electrons pass through the electron transport chain and enter Photosystem 1 where sunlight activates the electrons which go to another electron acceptor and reduces NADP to NADPH.

Carbon Dioxide eneters plant and joins with RuBP; forms unstable 6 carbon compound which splits into 2 PGA's; the 2 PGA's are reduced to 2PGAL's using ATP and NADPH; some PGAL goes off as sugar and the rest goes back to RuBP

-With oxygen
-Glycolysis
-Transisiton reaction
-Kreb's cycle-Electron Transport

-Without oxygen
-Glycolysis
-Fermentation

Activated Acetate (Acetyl CoA) + C4 = Citric Acid

Pyruvic acid to Activated Acetate (Acetyl CoA)

Glucose to Pyruvic Acid

NADH and FADH coverted to ATP

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-Makes less ATP
-End product is toxic to cells

A size-ordered chart of all the chromosomes in a cell. 46 chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs; the mother and father each contributed one member of each pair

Nuclear division in which daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as mother cell.

Prophase: Chromatin cndenses to chromosomes. Spindle fibers form; nuclear envelope breaks down, nucleus disappears
Metaphase:Chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase:Chromatids seperate
Telophase:Nucleolus reappears;nuclear envelope reappears; chromosomes turn back to chromatin

2

M= Mitosis & Cytokinesis (cell division)
G1= Growth; cell grows in size
S= Synthesis; synthesis of DNA
G2= Production of enzymes needed for mitosis

It is nuclear division in which daughter cells have 1/2 the number of chromososmes and 1/2 the amount of DNA as mother cells.
It is important because it generates variability and is essential for sexual reproduction

Prophase 1: homologous chromosomes match up, then crossing over occurs
Metaphase 1: homologous chromosomes line up
Anaphase 1: homologoues chromosomes seperate
Telophase 1:Cells are haploid; but have too much DNA
*no further DNA replication*
Prophase 2:New spindles form
Metaphase 2: Sister chromatids line up
Anaphase 2: Sister chromatids sperate
Telophase 2:Formation of 4 haploid cells

The study of inheritance of biological traits

Alternate forms of a gene

2 of the same alleles

2 different alleles

Allele that expresses itself if present

Allele covered/hidden if dominant allele is present

Genetic make-up of organism (big R, little r)*genetic*

Expression of the genes (color, height) *physical*

A mating between two individuals that are both heterozygous for the same gene

A mating between individuals that are each heterozygous for two genes

Neither allele masks the presence of another *blend*

Neither allele masks another (sickle cell animia)

A gene with three or more possible alleles that can yielf many phenotypes. (Blood types)

All of the genes on one specific chromosome

The sex chromosomes carry genes. The genese located on non homologous areas of the x chromosome are said to be sex linked. It is possible for a single recessive allele to be expressed in males because there is nothing on the y chromosome to cover it up. Ex. Hemophilia and red-green color blindness

Traits not associated with sex chromosomes that are expressed differently in teh two genders due to hormonal differences Ex. male pattern baldness

A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait

DNA wrapped around proteins (histones)

Each strand provides the model for a new strand

Doxyribose
DOuble Stranded "Double Helix"
A,T,C,G

Adenine (A) -Uracil (U)
Cytosine (C)-Guanine (G)
Guanine (G) -Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T) - Adenine (A)

DNA dictates protein structure (tells cells what proteins to make)

Ribose
Single Stranded
A,U,C,G

Each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid

3

At the Ribosomes

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Binomial Nomenclature
genus, species
First name capitalized and underlined if italics can't be used

Prokaryotic, unicellular, most live in extreme climates

Prokaryotic, unicellular

Unicellular, simple multicellular

Eukaryotic, multicellular, absorb food

Eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthesis

Eukaryotic, multicellular, ingest

One benefits, other is harmed

Both benefit

One benefits, other is unaffected

Protein and a nucleic acid

Advantages: More light available, more carbon dioxide, and no competition/no predators
Disadvantages: water is hard to obtain & easily lost through evaporation, water is not available for reproduction and support-air is 800 times less dense than water and does not provide support

Green Algae

Phloem:Transports food for the plant-transports down
Xylem: transports water for the plant-transports up
Cuticle:waxy covering that prevents water loss through the leaves
Stomata: tiny pores in the leaves that allow for gas exchange

Angiosperms have flowers or fruit
Gymnosperms don't produce flowers or fruit but produce pollen ex. pine trees

Ex. Sponge
no true tissue, radial or no symmetry, pores, sessile

Ex. Hydra, jellyfish, Portuguese man-of-war
diploblastic, radial symmetry, meatocysts and nerve net

Ex. Snail, Clam, Squid
Triploblastic, bilateral, soft body with mantle that might secrete a shell

Ex. Shrimp, crabs, insects, spiders
Triploblastic, bilateral, jointed appendages, expskeleton, segmentation

Ex. starfish, sand dollar, sea cucumber
Triploblastic, adult radial but larvae bilateral, water vascular system, tube feet, 5 part body plan

Ex. Sharks, frogs, rays, whales
Triploblastic mouth and anus, bilateral, jointed appendages, endoskeleton

No

Class Amphibia: Frog, caecilians, salamanders

Ex. duck-biled platypus
Lay eggs

Ex. kangaroo
Complete development in pouch

Ex. Humans, rodents
Young is ttached to mom by umbilical cord and develops inside mother

take blood away from heart, under pressure, strongest of our blood vessels

where exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occur, 1 cell layer thick, smallest and most numerous of our blood vessels

Return blood to the heart, contain valves to prevent backflow

a) Sinoatrial Node
b) Atrioventricular Node

The Left Ventricle: it has to pump blood to the entire body

Pressure taken when ventricles contract; force of ventricles pushing blood

pressure taken when ventricles relax; resistance of blood vessels

Red blood cells; transport oxygen; carry more than 1, max is 1 billion

White blood cells; fight infection or foreign invader

Platelets; invovled in clotting

Donor: O
Recipient: AB

windpipe; supported by C-shaped cartilege rings, lined with cilia that constantly beat upward to push dust into throat

branch off trachea and lead to bronchioles

branch off bronchi and lead to alveoli

Tiny sacs surrounded by vast network of caplillaries, where exchange of gases occur

Diaphrgm muscle contracts and moves lower; rib muscles contract and pull outward; volume of thoracic cavity increases; pressure decreases. Air gets warmed, filtered, and humidified

Diaphragm relaxes and moves back up, rib muscles relax and close inward. Volume decreased, pressure increased.

Diaphragm

Adaption that increases amount of oxygen that can be transported by our blood
hemoglobin: made up of 4 protein chains

Carbon Dioxide

1- Combined with hemoglobin: small amount of CO2 will combine with hemoglobin after it releses O2
2- As bicarbonate ions: majority of CO2 travels as bicarbonate ions

Mom= Rh -
Dad= Rh +

involved 1 parent organism, offspring identical to parent:
Regeneration
Budding

Union of 2 haploid cells to produce diploid zygote; allows for more genetic variation

The sperm would get mutated at body temperature

LH and FSH

Estrogen and Progesterone

Fallopian tubes/Oviducts

Uterus

Refers to the process by which similar looking cells of developing embryo give rise to all different cells in body. This does not occur rom the shuffling out of genes, rather from the expression of different genes in different cells. The path is already determined

The complex interaction in which 1 cell alters the fate of the next. explains the orderly, stepwise development of an embryo

fertilized egg bgins to divide; dividing into smaller and smaller cells; uneven distribution of cytoplasm

Cells arrange themselves to create a fluid filled space

Cells rearrange creating distinct layers

Beginning of the 3rd week after conception; neural tube and head begin to develop

End of the 3rd week after conception; the major organ systems are all forming, heart begins to pulsate

A) "birth"
B) fine, downy like hair on baby
C)An incision made in vaginal tissue to prevent tearing
D) waxy covering on baby

Batesian: non-dangerous looks like dangerous specied
Mullerian: 2 dangerous species resemble eachother

Species: a group of individuals that can mate successfully in nature
Population: a group of individuals belonging to the same species
Community:Made up of interacting populations

a) Competitive exclusion principles: 2 species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist in nature
b) Resource partioning: divides the resources and decreased competition between the species

Cryptic: camoflage
Aposematic: warning coloration

Plant defenses: physical defense (thorns), chemical defense (toxin, bitter taste)
Animal defenses: Cryptic coloration (camoflage), aposematic colloration (warning coloration)

Producer: make their own food
Consumer: eat others

Autotroph:producer- make own food
Heterotroph: consumer- eat others