During a state of arousal
Pain is surpressed
Caden was overjoyed when he learned that he was accepted into a top business school. His heart rate and blood pressure increased, and he started to breathe more rapidly. According to the James-Lange thery of emotion
Caden's psychological changes led him to consciously experience "hapiness"
Which of the following is true regarding emotions in nonhuman animals?
The biological responses made in emotional situations are similiar in humans and nonhuman animals
People who listen to an emotional narrative while watching an accompanying slide show
remember the pictures from emotional parts of the slide show particularly well
Strong and vivid memories for highly emotional events are called
flashbulb memories
Which of the following is not a reason that expermental studies of emotion have focused on the emotion of fear?
Fear is inherently more important than the other emotions
Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response
a rat freezes in response to a tone that was previously paired with a shock
When compared to conditioned responses that do not involve emotion conditioned or emotional responses
are harder to extinguish
Nathan once failed a class taught by a particular professor. He now refuses to take another class with that professor again, and seeks out other professors who teaches the classes he needs
conditioned avoidance
When researchers exposed dogs to an inescapable shock and then put the dogs in a situation in which they could escape the shock, the dogs
did not learn to escape the shock
What is he phenomenon in which exposure to an uncntrollable punisher reduces the chance that an organism will try to make an avoidance response?
learned helplessness
Human depression seems to involve
learned helplessness
Hannah successfully solved several problems in her math class. She was then given some very difficult problems that she could not solve. The research on learned helplessness suggests that if Hannah is then given some easier prblems to try to solve, she will...
try to solve the problems
The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is responible for
modulating storage and rerieval of emotional memories
Which part of the amygdala is primarily responsible for the increase in heart rate and blood presure that is experienced when a person feels fear?
Ventral nucleus
Which of the following is true regarding the connnections within the amygdala?
the laterl nucleus sends output to the basolateral nucleus and the central nucleus
Electrical stimulation of the amygdala poduces
a strong emotional response in animals and a mild emotional response in humans
lesion of the cntral nucleus of the amygdala
may result in problems with expressing but not learning a fear response
which part of the brain is often considered to be the sensory gateway to the brain?
the thalamus
a direct pathway to the amygdala is ____ than the indirect pathway to the amygdala
faster and conveys less detail
Neurons in the ____ have been shown to increase their response to a CS after it is paired with a fear-invoking US
Lateral nucleus of the amygdala
A person with amygdala damage who listened to an emotionally arousing story while watching an accompanying slide show remembered
all she pictures equally
If we block norepinephrine and have people listen to an emotionally arousing story they will remember
all parts of the story equally
Suppose we condition a rat to avoid one corner of the learning chamber by adminsterng a shock whenever the rat is in that corner. If we inject the rat with epinepherine immdiately following the shock, the rat will
wait longer than normal before entering that corner again
Damage to the hippocampus
disrupts the ability to learn to make a CR to he context
high levels of stress hormones
Can cause cell death in the hipocampus
Which of the following has been suggested as a mechanism by which the hippocampus effects fear learning and the amygdala
the hippocampu receives signals from the basolateral, nucleus it returns contextual info from the lateral nucleus
Which part of the brain is particularly important for expressing emotions in a socially appropriate manner and interpretting the emotions of others
the prefrontal cortex
tpes of emotonal reactions seen in people with frontal lobe damdge suggest that the frontal lobes
maintain a balance between too little and too much emotion
while watching a sad movie charolette begins to cry, her husband owen feels just as sad but manages to surpress the urge to cry or express his sadness in front of his wife owen is likely using his _____
prefrontal cortex
the failure to extinguish a conditioned response is known as
preservation
an excessive and irrational fear of an object place or situation
phobia
the case of "Little Albert" fearing a white rat demonstrated that
phopbias can arise from classical conditioning
as an adult eva had a nightmare about clowns and she now feels fearful upon seeing clowns as an adult, one explanation for her fear is that
Clowns are a CS tat produce a CR of fear
Which of following was true regarding phobias
a person can develop a phobia wihout directly experiencing the feared object or situation
what is the theraputic technique in which succesive approximations of a feared stimulus are presented while a pt learns to stay relaxed
systematic desensitization
the psychological syndrome that can devlop after a person is exposed to a horrific event is called
ptsd
one difference betweeen ptsd and phobias is that
with phobias the fear is triggered by a specific stimulus whereas with ptsd the fear is triggered by a wide variety of stimuli
pts with ptsd take______ to extinguish a fear response because cortisol levels are ______ following the trauma
longer ; higher
studies using mri and twins have suggested that
people wiht a smaller hipposcampus are predisposed to developing ptsd
In observationa larning itis difficult to predict what an organism will learn because
itis not always possible to determine what th organism perceives from the model
copying tha involves reproducing motor acts is called
true imitation
on year old callie observed her mother eating green means by poking them with a fok ad bringing them to her mouth. Callie icked up a fork, used her fingers to balance some beans on the fork, and brouht them o her mouth. This is a example of:
emulation
Payton observed his father raking up leaves in the front yard. Payton proceeded to ge a rake and rake up leaves just like his father did. This is an example of:
tru imitation
According to Morgan's canon, the simplest learning mechanism is one that:
is evident in organisms with the least complicated nervous systems
The two-action test involves training two animals to perform
two diferent actions leading to the same outcome
which of the followin is an example of a tas hat would be required in a two-action test?
Two dolphins are taught t swim t a trainer for a fish reward, on by swimming through a tunnel an the other by swimming ina wiggly path
studies of copying in humans an chimpanzees have shown thatemulaton occurs in ____ and true imitation occurs in ____
chimpanzees ndhumand adults; human children
When chimpanzees were trained to cpy a behavior whenever a researcher said "DO THIS!" the chimpnzee
could copy many new behaviors
perspective taking is an ability tha
is possessed by few species other than humans
When cpying involves generating stimuli that can be directly compared with the orignially observed stimuli it is called
stimulus matching
dg imitation of speech
a person imitatsmotor actions that are not directly observed
what s the most extensive studied from f observationa learning
vocal larning
whih of the followin is true regarding vocal learning in songbirds?
the songs thatbirds sing can show differencesa in dialect
thefirst phase of song learning in songbirds involves
memorizing songs
In which stage of song learning does a songbird prform stimulus matching
the secon stage
The only mammals other than humans that can learn to sing a song by hearing it are
whales
acording to modern social learning theory, in order for a tnaged boy to learn to do his homework, he must:
observe someone else being rewarded for dog homework
if we waned to encourage eght-yea old tina to read who would be the best person to serve as a model?
another eight-year old girl
John's friends don'tsmoke, bu many of JOhns favorite movie stars do soke. John has decided to take up smoking. His behavior demonstrates that people are more likely to copy models.
whom they admire
One problem with attempting to use Teletubbioes as models is that:
it is not clear that ver young children can remember the behaviorsthaty are meant to imitate
The inbron tendency to react eotionally to stimuli that indicate an emotional response by other members of ones species is called
contagion
which of the following is true regardingcontagion
the copied reaction is an unconditined response
in a nursery if one baby starts crying there is a tendency for th rest of the babies to also start crying THis is an example of
contagon
when an individual learns an emotional response after observing others it is known as
observational conditioning
Miawent to see a moie withher friend and observed her fried crying during the sad parts. When Mia went to nother movie with her parents he following weekend she began to sry during the sad parts. this is an example o
observational conditiong
Direction of one rganisms attenion toward specifc objects, events, or locations within an environmentas a result of another orgnaisms action is called
stimulusenhancement
whit was observed that some birds in England were learning to puncture the tops of milk bottles, one explanation was the the birds attention was being drawn to he milk botles. Wich phenomenon does this explanation demonstrate?
stimulus ehancement
The process is which an observer learns somethng nw through experiences with others is called
social tranmission of information
the tendency to adopt the behavior of the group is known as
social conformity
Studies of social tranission of food preferences in rats have shown that:
rats are more likely to eat novel food if they smell the food on another rat's breth after observing the other rat eeating the food
which of the following is true regardsnf the ue of active instruction>
there are examples in which nonhuman animals are clearly using active instruction to teach their young
whic of the following is true regarding violnt entertainmen and aggressive behavior?
Level of arousal does not seem to play a role in the likelihood of a person behaving aggresively
research suggests that viewing violence on TV
can inrese the likelihood that a chld will behave aggresively immediately afterviewing a violent TV show
Accoding to the _____ hypothesis memories for perceived actions are stored in the cortical regions that map observed actions onto the motor representations of those actions
direct matching
If Kylie wnats to learn how topitc a softall by watching someone elsedo it she must be able to recognize the actions that the mol is erforming. Wich hypothesis predicts that Kylie's visual cortex will be particularly active while sh learns this sill through observation>
visual hypothesis
______ neurons respond during both performance of an action and during visal observations of that same action
Mirror
Which of the following is true regardng mirror neurons>
some respond most strngly to observation of the outcome rathr than the specific action
In monkes mirror neurons
have been demonstrated to be importnat for imiation
studies of mirror neurons in humnashaveshown thatcortical activatin is greater when
an action is being guided by observastion of a model than by verbal instructions
In humans
there s overla between th cortical regions atvated by performance of an action and by observing thataction bing performed
Which of the following ma be a reason hans are better than monkeys at imitation?
monkeys ma have trouble toirng memory of the observed action
In a Moris water maze, underwhatcondition are rats with cerebellar still able to find the platform
if they observe other rats doing so before they are lesioned
In songbirds what part of the brain controls the production of different levels of song structure
te higher vocal center hvc and the robust nucles of th archistriatum (RA)
Disrupting activity in the lateral magnocellular nucles of the anterior neostriatum LMAN regionwhen bird hears its song for th firsttime _____ song leanign
impairs
most changes observed insong learing circuits in the brains of song birds occur when the birds are
practicin songs
in sogbirds, neurons that behave likie mirror neurons havebeen found in
the robustnucleus of the archistriatum RA
wHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRU
SONG LEARNNG BUT OT BEHAVIORAL IMITATION REQUIRES STIMULUS MATCHING, SUGGESTNG THAT BEHAVIORAL IMITATION REQUIRES MORE NEURAL SPECIALIZATION THAN VOCAL EARNING
when observer rats wer exposed to novel food dor on a demonstrators rat beath an then hd their hippocampus esioned what happened to the lesioned rats preference for thenove foos
ther preference was reduced the most if hte lesion occured 1 day after being exposed to the odor
studs of socia transmission of food prefernces inrats have shown that hippocampal lesions results in
retrograde amnesia that is worse for newly acquired memories that for older memories
studis of social transmission f food preference in rats have shown hat
damage to the neurons in the basal forebrain that modulate hippocampla activity disrupts previously acquired food prefernces
Which of the following is a chaacteristic ofautism
delayed language developmnt
repetition o words or phrases immediately after hearingthem spoken isknown as
echolalia
autistic children
have problems with perspective taking
n inividuls with Asperger's Syndrome are asked to imitate facial expressions
the cortical regions where mirror neurons are likely to be found take longer to become active
Which of the following is true regarding people with frotal lobe damage whoexhibit deficits in the baility to imitate?
They have a tenency to imitate actions involuntarily
Thefindings with frontal lobe patients who exhibits deficits in the ability to imitate suggests that the fronatl lobes
play a rolein inhibiting imitation
Gestational age refers to
time since conception
A fetus is suffeciently developed to start perceiving and learning about sounds by about ____ gestional age
25 weeks
Research has demonstrated tha humans
can demonstrate learning of basic sounds and lagage befoe they are born
tuies in whih infants were conditioned to kick at a mobile to make it move showed that
infant as young as two months could learn his response
eyeblink conditioning
can be learned by infants when delay conditioingis used
The technique in which infants are shown an action and tested for their ability to mimic this action later is known as
elicited imitation
Which of the following appars to develop the latest
working memory
the research on the development of episodic and sematic memory discssed in your text book shows that
4 yr olds were especially prone to estra-experimental errors
Children's digit spas reach adult levels at around age
14-15 yrs
which of the following can increase chidrens' memory spans
using highly familiar stimuli
listening to clasical music such as mozart
will have itsbiggest impact on people who like classical music
the time period n which learning is most effective is known as
a sensitive period
whih ohe following demonstrates the consept fo critical period
if catseye is patched during the first 60 days of its lifeit will be blind inhtat eye
the fromation ofattacments to the first individua an rganism sees after brith is knwon as
imprinting
which of the following is true?
if an ability is not learned during its critical period it will never be learned
stuie ofchildren raised with minimal contact with caregivers have shown that their cgnitive function
rose to normal evels if they were adopted ino a normal home before they were six monthsold
whih type of memory seems o be the most mulnerable to decline as adlts age?
working memory
Apersons digi span
drosp sl;ightly in elderly adults
at whatage dws eyeblink conditioning start o decline
40
which of the following is true regardingskill learnng
people who are experts continue to improve their skill even into old age
which o the following peoples skill will be mot resistant to decline in older adulthood?
Courtney, who is a professional chef
which of the followin would elderly individuals have the most difficult with?
a paried associate test o memory
Each rungof the ladder in dna structure is called a
base pair
Humans have _____ pairs of chromosomes
23
____ base pairs will bedifferent in theDNA of any two unrelated humnas
.1%
Accidnetal change in the DNA sequence is known as
mutations
people with _____ perform worse on learning and memory test thn peoople with ____
2 copies of met allele; 2 copies of the val allele
he most common veriosn of the BDNF gene is the
val allele
Whihc of the followings true regaring the 5-htar gene?
it encodes instructions for building receptor for seritonin
when tyron 1940 trained maze brigt rats togeter hefound that
with each generationa the rats offspring mdefewer errors
what has been suggestedby research on fraternal and identical twins
more than half ofthe variation in memory scores may be accounted for by differences in genetic make up
one study showed that taxi rivers in london had ____ than age matched comtrols
a larger hippocampus
theprcessof neuronal birth is caled
neurogenisis
which f the following is true regarding neurogensisi
it occurs befre glial cells are born
during apoptosis
about 1/3 of the neurons die
which of the following is true
myelineation does not begin until after birth
which of the followng is true regarding syaptogenesis
it continues throughout the ifespan
research on using stem cells to improve problems associated with Parkinson's disease has shown that
stem ells could not be foced to grow into a desired form
men generally perfom better htan women on tasksinvolving
spatial learnging
In adult females the primary sex hormone is
estrgen
testosterone
is converted into estradiol
which part ofthe bain is proortionately larger in men than in women
angular gyus
in women the ____ is proportionately larger than in men, and thi is reflected in women's superior performance on _____ tass
lateral frontal cortex; working memory
studies of the effects of sex hormones in adults have shown that
estrogen may stimulae neuronal growth an LTP in the hippocampus
which of the folowing does not occcur in the brain in old age
neurons in the cerebral cortex show less connectivity
in old age the
ability to maintain changes in synapse strength may be reucded
which of the followingis true regarding neurogenesis
in primates it has only been unambiguougsly documented in a few bran regions
in individuals with down syndrome
have smaller than normal cerebellum n adlescence
ts65dn mice who are bred as a model of down syndro
show improved patal memory when housed in an enrihed environment
which type of memory ability is ususally the first to show signs of impairment with alzheimer's disease
episodic memory
which of the following is true regarding alsheimers disease
pats retaind the ability to learn new skills
ayloidplaques
may casue damage by stimulating the immune system
neuofibrillary tangels
first accumulate in the hippocampus of Alzheimrs pts
muttions on the ____ gene seem to heighten the risk of late-onset alzheimers disease
gsto1 guto
people with _____ hve a higher risk for developing alzheimers disease than people with _____
two e4 alleles' one e3 and one e4 allee
a mutation in the _____ gene may contribute to the neuronal damage in Alzheimer paients by mobilizing theimmune system
sto1 gusto
which gene has been implicated in both early onset alzheimers and Dow syndrome
app
which of the following is true
in dulthood neary all individuals with down syndroem develop amyloid plaques and neurofibrilliary tangels
azheimer's drugs that inhibit cholinesterase
treatcognitive symptoms such as forgetfulness
peple who _____ has a decreased risk of developing Alzheimers dsease
have a high education level