He used light microscope to look at cork tree bark, described the "little boxes" called them cells.
Hooke
smallest unit that can carry out all the processes of life.
cell
He observed living cells in pond water; microscope maker
Leeuwenhoek
A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things; 3 parts
cell theory
organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles. 2 domain groups: Bacteria and Archaea; smaller; evolved first
prokaryotes
organisms that have a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles; 1 domain group: Eukarya and 4 kingdoms; bigger; evolved later
eukaryotes
found in the cell, perform specific functions for the cell; cell parts
organelles
A group of similar tissues that perform the same function
organ
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
tissue
Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
organ system
shines light through specimen, 2D image, low magnification up to 1000X
compound light microscope
shines electrons on surface of specimen, 3D image, high magnification up to 200,000X
scanning electron microscope (SEM)
shines beam of electrons through specimen, 2D image, highest magnification up to 50,000,000X
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
he suggested that all cells might come from pre-existing cells
Virchow
he suggested that all living things are made up of cells
Dutrochet
he found and named the nucleus of cells
Brown
he suggested that all plant tissue was made of cells, elaborated on nucleus' role in cell division
Schleiden
he suggested all animal tissue was made of cells
Schwann
limited to being small to maximize the outside surface yet minimize the space inside the cell
cell size
ratio that explains why cells are small
high surface area : low volume
experiment that showed the smallest cube of apple absorbed the most red food coloring (nutrients)
apple experiment demo
cell structure has to do with cell _________
function
this cell has a long and wirey structure bc its function is to transmit electric messages
nerve cell (neuron)
this cell has a blob shaped structure bc its function is to surround and engulf bloodstream invaders
white blood cell
this cell has a round and flat structure bc its function is to cover and protect the body
skin cell (epidermal)
3 main parts of ALL CELLS
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear area
she suggested the endosymbiotic theory
Margulis
suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be their own bacteria cells and are now embedded in a eukaryotic cell
endosymbiotic theory
3 evidences for the endosymbiotic theory
1. mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own double membrane 2. they divide on their own 3. they are shaped and small like bacteria cells 4. they have their own DNA
colonial organism that is thought to be the connection between uni and multicellular
Volvox
group of identical cells but with differentiation (different jobs), ex. Volvox
colonial organism
examples of unicellular protists
algae, amoeba
examples of multicellular protists
lichens, seaweed
multicellular protist that breaks down rocks and tree bark into soil, half fungus/half algae
lichens
types of bacteria that live in extreme places on Earth, like bottom of the oceans by the hydrothermal vents/the Dead Sea (salty)/glaciers...
Extremeophiles
type of bacteria that live at the top of the ocean that does photosynthesis and released the first oxygen into the atmosphere
cyanobacteria
3 parts of the cell theory
1. all living things are made of one or more cells
2. cells are
the basic unit of life
3. cells come from the division of other cells
-First form came about 3.5 billion years ago
(single-called)
-Life forms were single-celled prokaryote and
living in water
-Single celled prokaryote evolved into
single-celled eukaryote
-Single celled eukaryotes evolved into
multi-celled eukaryotes
-Multi-celled aquatic life forms evolved
into terrestrial life
evolution timeline
Eyepiece of a microscope; 10x
ocular lens
The lens on a light microscope that is closest to the stage; 10x (low), ~45x (high), ~100x (oil immersion)
objective lens
Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
body tube
Moves the stage up and down for focusing
coarse adjustment knob
Moves the stage slightly to sharpen the image
fine adjustment knob
provides a magnification of 10x
low power objective
provides a magnification of ~40x
high power objective
objective lens x ocular lens
total magnification
provides a magnification of 4x
scanning power objective
provides a magnification of 100x (we don't really use)
oil immersion objective
Regulates the amount of light on the specimen; light condenser
Diaphragm
a small flat rectangular piece of glass on which specimens can be mounted for microscopic study
slide
name for the small plastic square that is used to cover a specimen in a wet mount
Cover slip
A slide preparation in which a specimen is covered in liquid
wet mount
describing how some organelles have membranes around them. ex.- Golgi, rough ER, smooth ER, nucleus
membrane-bound organelles