Which of the following is NOT TRUE about olfactory receptor cells/neurons (ORC)?
1. All ORC have a single dendritic-like process with cilia at the ends
2. All ORCs are located in the olfactory epithelium and extend an axon and fire action potentials
3. All ORCs use serotonin or norepinephrine to communicate with their targets
4. All ORCs can be continuously replaced from stem/progenitor cells
5. Each ORC expresses only a single type of odorant receptor
All ORCs use serotonin or norepinephrine to communicate with their targets
Odorant receptors are ______.
1. G protein coupled receptor that stimulate adenylyl cyclase
2. ligand gated ion channels that are activated by odorant binding
3. TRP channels which are stimulated by odorant binding
4. similar to rhodopsin since they activate transducin and phosphodiesterase (PDE)
5. all of these answers
G protein coupled receptor that stimulate adenylyl cyclase
The production of the olfactory receptor potential involves _____.
1. hyperpolarization mediated by Na+ efflux
2. hyperpolarization mediated by Cl- influx
3. depolarization mediated by Na+ influx
4. depolarization mediated by Cl- efflux
depolarization mediated by Cl- efflux
Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the olfactory nerve (CN I)?
1. the olfactory nerve is considered a CNS cranial nerve
2. the olfactory nerve axons are heavily myelinated since they travel a long distance to their target
3. axons from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same receptor type bundle together
4. axons in the olfactory nerve synapse in the olfactory bulb
5. axons from the olfactory receptor cells extend from the olfactory epithelium to form the olfactory nerve
the olfactory nerve axons are heavily myelinated since they travel a long distance to their target
The olfactory tract _____.
1. contains axons from all the neurons in the olfactory bulb
2. all of these answers
3. extends from the olfactory bulb to the brainstem 4. contains axons from mitral cells and tufted cells
5. contains axons from neuronal cell bodies located in the glomeruli
contains axons from mitral cells and tufted cells
Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the output from the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex?
1. the olfactory cortex can send information to other brain areas including the hippocampus, hypothalamus, frontal cortex and thalamus
2. axons from the olfactory bulb extend to both cortical and subcortical areas
3. the olfactory cortex is located in the temporal lobe
4. the primary olfactory cortex (O1) transmits information to the secondary olfactory cortex (O2)
5. olfactory bulb axons transmit information to the olfactory cortex (olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex and entorhinal cortex) and the amygdala
the primary olfactory cortex (O1) transmits information to the secondary olfactory cortex (O2)
Which of the following is NOT TRUE about taste buds?
1. Taste buds contain taste receptor cells that respond to only a single submodality (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, or savory/umami)
2. Taste buds are located on the tongue and on the sides and roof of the mouth
3. Taste buds are located within papillae and can be regenerated from progenitor cells
4.Taste buds contain sensory receptors for tastants but not other sensory modalities
5. Each taste bud contains about 50-100 taste receptor cells
Taste buds contain taste receptor cells that respond to only a single submodality (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, or savory/umami)
Which of the following IS NOT a component involved in taste transduction?
1. the G protein gusducin and increases in cAMP
2. G protein coupled receptors
3. cAMP gated K+ channels and TRP channels
4. specific Na+ channels and H+ channels
5. Ca2+ activated Cl- channels
Ca2+ activated Cl- channels
After taste receptor cells are activated by tastant binding, they ______.
1. release serotonin or norepinephrine onto nearby sensory neurons which transmit action potentials to the CNS
2. generate receptor potentials and fire action potentials
3. transmit information directly to the gustatory nuclei in the brainstem
4. all of these answers
5. hyperpolarize and release less glutamate onto bipolar tastant neurons
release serotonin or norepinephrine onto nearby sensory neurons which transmit action potentials to the CNS
Which cranial nerves transmit taste information to the brain?
olfactory nerve (CN I)
optic nerve (CN II)
facial nerve (CN VII)
auditory-vestibular nerve (CN VIII)
glossopharangeal nerve (CN IX)
vagus nerve (CN X)
1. CN VIII, CN IX and CN X
2. CN I, CN II and CN VII
3. all of these answers
4. CN VII, CN IX and CN X
5. CN VII, CN VIII and CN IX
CN VII, CN IX and CN X
The axons within the cranial nerves above transmit taste information first to the ____.
1. thalamus
2. gustatory bulb
3. taste nuclei in the pons
4. solitary tract nucleus
5. medulla gustatory nucleus
solitary tract nucleus