Morphogenesis
The process by which an organism takes shape and the differentiated cells occupy their appropriate locations.
Morula
a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed.
Ovum
egg
Cleavage order
1st and 2nd - vertical. 3rd - equatorial
Blastomere
a cell formed by cleavage of a fertilized ovum
Blastocoel
the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula
Blastula
when blastocoel is fully formed
Does embryo grow in size during cleavage phase?
no, only divides`
Gastrulation
outer layers of cells migrate inward through blastopore, closing up blastocoel
Blastopore
opening to archenteron
gastrula
an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells.
Archenteron
The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.
Ectoderm makes up
•nervous system, epidermis, skin glands, inner ear, lens of the eye, adrenal medulla
mesoderm becomes
•notochord, lining of coelem, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, circulatory system (most), lymphatic system, skin dermis, adrenal cortex
Endoderm becomes
•digestive tract lining, organs that originate as outpockets of archenteron (liver, pancreas, gall bladder), thyroid, parathyroid, lungs, thymus, urinary bladder
Why is adrenal medulla from ectoderm and adrenal cortex from mesoderm?
The adrenal medulla develops from the ectoderm because it arises from neural crest cells, which are derivatives of the ectoderm. The adrenal cortex, on the other hand, originates from the mesoderm because it is derived from the mesodermal layer of the early embryo
Neuralation
the formation of the neural tube that is the basis for the nervous system
Neural folds
Raised ridges in the neural plate that create the neural groove.
Neural crest
A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm. Makes peripheral nervous system.
What are some of the last things to finish developing in a fetus and why?
Lungs and nervous system. Not necessary in the womb, also nervous system is complex.
Neural tube
when the neural folds fuse, creating a tube. Becomes central nervous system.
Organogenesis
formation of organs after gastrulation
Dorsal
toward the back
Ventral
belly side
Anterior
front of the body
Posterior
back of body
Caudal
toward the tail
Rostral
toward the nose
Neural tube arise from
dorsal ectoderm
Notochord arises from
Dorsal mesoderm
Somites
blocks of mesoderm that become vertabrae
allantoic bladder
Will become the urinary bladder after birth; will store urine
Kidney excretory order
Renal cortex, renal medulla (has renal pyramids), renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
renal pelvis
central collecting region in the kidney
Hormone that produce T cells
thymosin in thymus
Hormone produced by parathyroid
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - signals osteoclasts to chew bone
Hormone that builds bone
Calcitonin signals osteoblasts, produced by thyroid
Where are hormones produced in pancreas? What hormones?
Islets of Langerhan. Alpha - glucagon. Beta - insulin. Delta - somatostatin.
Which hormones does hypothalamus produce?
Oxytocin and ADH
What hormone produced in pituitary gland travels to adrenal gland? Which zone, and what does it do?
ACTH - to zona fasiculata to produce glucocorticoids that lower inflammation and raise blood glucose levels (e.g. cortisone)
What's the difference between LH and FSH?
FSH - follicle production (sperm and eggs). LH - controls ovulation, signals Leydig cells in males to produce testosterone.
Where is calcitonin produced?
thyroid gland
Seminal Vesicles
adds a sugary fluid to semen
bulbourethra gland
lubrication
Spermatogenesis
Formation of sperm
seminiferous tubules
site of sperm production
Pineal gland produces
melatonin
Zona gomerulosa
Outermost, secretes mineralocorticoids, e.g. aldosterone, regulate minerals in kidneys
Zona fasiculata
Regulated by ACTH, produces glucocorticoids, e.g. cortisone. Reduce inflammation and increase blood glucose.
Zona reticularis
secretes androgens
Adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Prostate gland secretes
alkaline fluid
Is TSH to thymus or thyroid?
Thyroid
Which hormone increases metabolism
TSH
4 stages of embryo development
Fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Neurulation and Organogenesis
neural tube comes from
Dorsal ectoderm
Notochord comes from
Dorsal mesoderm
Sertoli cells
cells found within the seminiferous tubules that provide metabolic support for the spermatids
Spermatid
an immature male sex cell formed from a spermatocyte that can develop into a spermatozoon without further division.
Identify brain sections
Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, medulla oblongata, pons, spinal cord
Arises from endoderm
epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, urogenital systems; associated glands
in the absence of calcium ions, can myosin bind to actin? why and why not?
no, troponin and tropomyosin cover the myosin binding sites