Human Anatomy: human anatomy chapter 9 Flashcards

1. Many of our physiological processes
2. Virtually all our dynamic interactions with the environment

1. skeletal muscle
2. cardiac muscle
3. smooth muscle

1. produce skeletal movement
2. maintain posture and body position
3. support soft tissue
4. regulate entering and exiting of material
5. maintain body temp.

1. Pushes blood through arteries and veins
2. Rhythmic contractions

1. Pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract, for example
2. Involuntary contraction

1. excitability: The ability to respond to stimuli
2. contractility: The ability to shorten and exert a pull or tension
3. extensibility: The ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths
4. Elasticity: The ability to rebound toward its original length

1. Overall organization of muscles
2. Connective tissue associated with muscles
3. Nerves associated with muscles
4. Blood vessels associated with muscles

1. Myofibrils
2. Myofilaments
3. Sarcomeres

1. Epimysium
2. Perimysium
3. Endomysium

1. dense tissue that surrounds the entire muscle
2. dense tissue that divides the muscle into parallel compartments of fascicles
3. dense tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

1. skeletal muscle (organ)
2. Muscle Fassicle (bundle of cells)
3. Muscle Fiber
4. Epimysium
5. Perimysium
6. Endomysium

1. Tenconds: connect a muscle to a bone
2. Aponeuroses: Connect a muscle to a muscle

1. Epimysium
2. Perimysium
3. Endomysium

1. Innervate the muscle
2. Chemical communication b/w a nerve and a muscle
3. "connected" to the muscle via the motor end plate---> this is the meuromuscular junction

4. Inntervate the endomysium of the muscle
5. branch to form coiled networks to accommodate flexion and extension of the muscle

1. neuromuscular synapse
2. skeletal muscle fibers
3. Axons

1. Membrane that surrounds the muscle cell
2. The cytosol of the muscle cell
3. A. Can be 30–40 cm in length
B. Multinucleated (each muscle cell has hundreds of nuclei)
C. Nuclei are located just deep to the sarcolemma

1. myofibrils
2. the contraction of muscles
3. the sarcolemma at each end of the muscle cell
4. sarcoplasmic reticculum

1. myofilaments
2. A. Actin
B. Myosin

1. (Thick filament)
2. Thin Filament
3. repeating units called sarcomeres
4. parallel to the long axis of the cell

1. Main functioning unit of muscle fibers
2. 10,000 per myofibril
3. overlapping actin and myosin
4. the striations that gibe the skeletal muscle its identifiable characteristic

A. Z line (Z disc)
B. I band
C. A band (overlapping A bands create striations)
D. H band
E. M line

1. I band 4. H band
2. A band 5. thick filament
3. Z line 6. thin filament

A. skeletal muscles B. Muscle fascicles
C. muscle fibers D. myofibrils
E. sarcomeres F. myofilaments
G. actin H. myosin

1. skeletal mmuscle 4. myofibril
2. muscle fascicles 5. sarcomere
3. muscle fibers

1. G Actin molecues
2. Active site
3. Myosin Cross- bridges
4. tropomyosin
5. troponin

A. sarcomere B. H bank
c. myofibril D. Z line
E. M line F. Actin
G. Z line H. Titin
I. troponin J. Active Site
K. Tropomyosin L. G actinmolecules

1. an elongated tail and a globular head (cross-bridges)
2. stationary molecule
A. M line
B. Titin connecting to the Z lines

1. shortens
2. interactions between thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere
3. the presence of calcium ions
4. ATP
5. slide toward each other
6. sliding filament theory

1. get smaller
2. larger
3. closer together
4. remains constant throughout the contraction

1. impulse
2. acetylcholine is released
3. release its stored calcium ions
4. bind to troponin

5. rotation of the troponin- tropomyosin complex
6. exposes the binding sites on the actin myofilament
7. myosin heads
8. cross-bridge pivot
9. muscle becomes shorter

1. A motor neuron controlling two or three musclefibers
A. the control over the eye muscles
2. A motor neuron controlling perhaps 2000 muscle fibers
A. the control over the leg muscles

1. The frequency of stimulation
2. The number of motor units involved

1. A. The tension of a muscle when it is relaxed
B. Stabilizes the position of bones and joints
2. These are specialized muscle cells that are monitored by sensory nerves

The net effect is an enlargement of the muscle

Discontinued use causes decreased muscle size and muscle tone

1. Fast Fibers (white fibers)associated with eye muscles
2. Intermediate Fibers (pink Fibers)
3. Slow fibers (red fibers)associated with leg muscles

1. Large in diameter
2. Large glycogen reserves
3. Relatively few mitochondria
4. Muscles contract using anaerobic metabolism
5. Fatigue easily
6. Can contract in 0.01 second or less after stimulation
7. Produce powerful contractions

1. Half the diameter of fast fibers
2. Take three times longer to contract after stimulation
3. Can contract for extended periods of time
4. Contain abundant myoglobin (creates the red color)
5. Muscles contract using aerobic metabolism
6. Have a large network of capillaries

1. Similar to fast fibers
A. Have low myoglobin content
B. Have high glycolytic enzyme concentration
C. Contract using anaerobic metabolism
2. Similar to slow fibers
A. Have lots of mitochondria
B. Have a greater capillary supply
C. Resist fatigue

A. High density associated with eye and hand muscles
B. Sprinters have a high concentration of fast fibers
C. Repeated intense workouts increase the fast fibers

A. None are associated with the eyes or hands
B. Found in high density in the back and leg muscles
C. Marathon runners have a high amount
D. Training for long distance running increases the proportion of intermediate fibers

1. Parallel muscle fibers
2. Convergent muscle fibers
3. Pennate muscle fibers
4. Unipennate muscle fibers
5. Bipennate muscle fibers
6. Multipennate muscle fibers
7. Circular muscle fibers

Muscle fascicles are parallel to the longitudinal axis
Biceps brachii and rectus abdominis

A. Parallel muscle
B. PArallel muscle

Muscle fibers form a broad area but come together at a common point
Pectoralis major

D. Convergent muscle

3. Muscle fibers form an oblique angle to the tendon of the muscle
4. All the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon
Extensor digitorum

E. Unipennate muscle

5. Muscle fibers are on both sides of the tendon
Rectus Femoris

F. Bipennate Muscle

6. The tendon branches within the muscle
Deltoid muscle

G. multipennate muscle

7. Muscle fibers form concentric rings
A. Sphincter muscles
B. Orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi

H. circular muscle

1. Point of muscle attachment that remains stationary
2. Point of muscle attachment that is movable
3. The function of the muscle upon contraction

1. Prime Movers (agonists)
2. Antagonists
3. Synergists
4. Fixators

1. Responsible for producing a particular movement
2. Actions oppose the action of the agonist
3. Assist the prime mover in performing an action
4. Agonist and antagonist muscles contracting at the same time to stabilize a joint

1. Biceps brachii – flexes the lower arm
2. Triceps brachii – extends the lower arm
3. Latissimus dorsi and teres major – contract to move the arm medially over the posterior body
4. Flexor and extensor muscles contract at the same time to stabilize an outstretched hand

1. Specific body regions or location
2. Shape of the muscle
3. Orientation of the muscle fibers
4. Specific or unusual features
5. Its origin and insertion points
6. Primary function
7. References to occupational or habitual action

1. associated with the brachium of the arm
2. associated with the anterior tibia

1. trapezoid shape
2. triangular shape

1. straight muscle of the leg
2. muscle on outside that is oriented with the fibers at an angle

1. two origins
2. long, big, rounded muscle

1. points of attachment are sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process
2. points of attachment are chin and tongue

1. a muscle that is near the radius and flexes the wrist.
2. a long muscle that adducts the leg

1. the buccinator area moves when playing a trumpet
2. derived from the Latin term (sartor), which is in reference to “tailors.” Tailors used to cross their legs to form a table when sewing material

1. action
2. Lever (a bone)
3. Fulcrum (joint)
4. Force acting in the opposite direction

1. First class
2. second class
3. third class

1. The fulcrum (joint) lies between the applied force and the resistance force (opposed force)
tilting the head forward and backward

2. The resistance is located between the applied force and the fulcrum (joint)
standing on your tip toes

3. The force is applied between the resistance and fulcrum (joint)
flexing the lower arm

1. loop around a bony projection
2. pulley
3. lateral malleolus and trochlea of the eye

1. Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter
2. There is a decrease in the number of myofibrils
3. Contain less glycogen reserves
4. Contain less myoglobin
5. There is a decrease in myosatellite cells
6. There is an increase in fibrous connective tissue

1. decrease in strength and endurance
2. Muscles fatigue rapidly

1. Results in fibrosis
2. The ability to recover from muscular injuries decreases