igggg Flashcards

1. The major alternative route, besides Panama, that was seriously considered as the location for a canal between
oceans was across
a. Venezuela.
b. Nicaragua.
c. British Honduras.
d. Mexico.
e. Costa Rica.

2. The American war against the Philippine insurrectionists promoting Philippine independence
a. was won with fewer casualties than the war in Cuba.
b. was remarkable for its avoidance of civilian casualties.
c. resulted in torture and atrocities committed by both sides.
d. was waged in accord with traditional American ideals.
e. was highly popular in the United States.

3. Theodore Roosevelt strongly encouraged the Panamanians to revolt against Colombia because
a. he thought they would not charge as much for a canal route as the Colombians.
b. he wanted to establish a permanent U.S. military base in the region.
c. Roosevelt had designs on making Panama a colony of the United States.
d. he regarded the Colombians as racially inferior.

4. The battleship Maine was sunk by
a. the Spanish.
b. an accidental internal explosion on the ship.
c. Cuban rebels.
d. a mine planted by pro-Cuban Americans.
e. None of these choices are correct.

5. The extended Open Door policy advocated in Secretary John Hay's second note to all the great powers called
on them to
a. recognize Philippine independence at an early date.
b. guarantee the independence of Cuba.
c. maintain a balance of power in East Asia.
d. uphold the territorial integrity of China.
e. pursue further investment in China.

6. The United States' frequent intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries in the early 20th century
a. established political stability in the area.
b. was appreciated in the region as an effective cloak of defense against European threats.
c. was a "Bad Neighbor" policy that left a legacy of ill will and distrust of the United States throughout Latin
America.
d. departed from Theodore Roosevelt's big-stick diplomacy.
e. was intended to spread democracy to the region.

7. In the Root-Takahira agreement of 1908
a. the Japanese government agreed to limit the number of Japanese immigrant laborers entering the United
States.
b. the United States and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial holdings in the Pacific.
c. the United States agreed to accept a Japanese sphere of influence in China.
d. Japan agreed to accept U.S. control of the Philippines in exchange for Japanese domination of
Manchuria.
e. None of these choices are correct.

8. Theodore Roosevelt's aggressive policies, along with the economic and political instability in Central America
and the Caribbean, frequently led to
a. growing demands for U.S. economic aid to the region.
b. the intervention of the U.S. marines in the region.
c. radical anti-American movements in Central American countries.
d. the intervention of Britain and Germany in Latin America affairs.
e. the growth of Central American immigration to the United States.

9. America's initial Open Door policy was essentially an argument to promote
a. free trade and competition throughout all of China.
b. equal spheres of influence in China among all the European powers.
c. military protection for the Chinese emperor.
d. Christian missionaries to be able to their conversion work in China.
e. the principle of self-determination.

10. Theodore Roosevelt's aggressive involvement in the Panamanian revolt had the general international effect of
a. making other nations reluctant to use the Panama Canal.
b. sparking revolts against American rule in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
c. allying the United States closely with Britain.
d. sparking revolts against European colonial rule and influence in Central America and the Caribbean.
e. increasing anti-American sentiment throughout Latin America.

11. The actual purpose of the battleship Maine's visit to Cuba was to
a. provoke a war with Spain.
b. protect and evacuate American citizens from the island.
c. offer a way for Cuban rebels to escape to Florida.
d. stop rioting by the Cuban rebels.
e. prepare for intervention by the U.S. marines if necessary.

12. Theodore Roosevelt became involved in the peace settlement for the Russo-Japanese War
a. to enhance his international stature as a key world leader.
b. as a way of enhancing America's position in East Asia.
c. when Russia asked for his assistance.
d. because he feared that the British might intervene and thus gain prestige.
e. when Japan secretly asked him to help mediate a peace settlement with the Russians.

13. President McKinley's policy of benevolent assimilation in the Philippines
a. failed to solve serious sanitation and public-health problems.
b. was quickly reversed by McKinley when it became apparent that the Filipinos deeply resented and
actively resisted it.
c. was not welcomed by the Filipinos.
d. worked remarkably well and led to the early granting of the Philippine independence.
e. recognized the value of traditional Filipino culture.

14. The Cuban insurrectos who wanted to overthrow Spanish rule in Cuba
a. were heavily dependent on American funding for their rebellion.
b. blew up the battleship Maine.
c. were Communist in their ideological outlook.
d. began assassinating Spanish officials.
e. adopted a scorched-earth policy of burning cane fields and sugar mills.

15. When the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War
a. the army encountered stiff resistance from the Spanish.
b. it met almost no resistance from Spanish forces.
c. most of the population greeted the invaders as liberating heroes.
d. heavy fighting occurred in the harbor at San Juan.
e. its intentions were to grant Puerto Rican independence.

16. In the 1900 presidential election, the Democratic party and its candidate, William Jennings Bryan, insisted that
____ was the paramount issue of the campaign.
a. tariff protection
b. imperialism
c. free silver
d. social reform
e. national defense

17. Theodore Roosevelt can best be described as
a. lacking in self-confidence.
b. mentally vigorous but physically frail.
c. highly energetic and egotistical.
d. a loudmouth with few political skills.
e. a reflective intellectual.

18. President Roosevelt organized a conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905 to
a. extend a grant of independence to the Philippines.
b. mediate a conflict between Germany and Spain over North Africa.
c. arrange a mutual defense pact with Great Britain.
d. organize an economic development conference with Latin American countries.
e. mediate a conclusion to the Russo-Japanese War.

19. China's Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to
a. overthrow the corrupt Chinese government.
b. establish American power in the Far East.
c. throw out or kill all foreigners.
d. destroy the Open Door policy.
e. restore traditional Chinese religion.

20. The most successful American military action during the Spanish-American War was largely due to
a. the incompetence of Spanish military forces.
b. effective collaboration between U.S. forces and Cuban and Filipino rebels.
c. the strategic skill of U.S. military leadership.
d. the efficient logistical support for U.S. forces provided by the War Department.
e. effective use of the new steel navy.

21. As a vice-presidential candidate in 1900, Teddy Roosevelt
a. openly advocated a more progressive program than President McKinley.
b. appealed primarily to wealthy easterners.
c. ran a quiet and dignified front-porch campaign.
d. countered William Jennings Bryan's popular appeal by engaging in his own flamboyant campaign.
e. revealed that he had major foreign and domestic policy differences with President McKinley.

22. When the United States captured the Philippines from Spain
a. Hawaii was annexed by the United States as a key territory in the Pacific.
b. America granted the Philippines its independence.
c. many anti-imperialists admitted that their opposition to the Spanish-American War had been a mistake.
d. Filipinos were granted American citizenship.
e. they did so without Filipino assistance.

23. In 1899, guerrilla warfare broke out in the Philippines because
a. Spanish citizens still living there tried to regain political control of the country.
b. the United States refused to give the Filipino people their independence.
c. Communist insurgents attempted to seize control of the islands.
d. the United States refused to promote the economic and social development of the Filipino people.
e. American missionaries tried to convert Catholic Filipinos to Protestantism.

24. A group of historians known as the New Left revisionists argued that the United States' burst of overseas
expansion of the 1890s
a. was motivated by naive democratic idealism.
b. was necessary to maintain an international balance of power.
c. was designed to create an informal empire that would guarantee American economic dominance of
foreign markets and investments.
d. sought to build a colonial political empire.
e. was motivated by racist "civilizing" to conquer and Christianize "primitive" Blacks, Native Americans, and
Latin American Spanish populations.

25. The Teller Amendment
a. guaranteed that the United States would support Cuban independence after Spain was ousted.
b. stated that Cuba would become an American possession.
c. directed President McKinley to order American troops into Cuba.
d. guaranteed that the United States would support a Cuban plebiscite by the Cuban people on
independence or colonial status after Spain was ousted.
e. granted the United States a permanent base at Guantanamo Bay.

26. In the aftermath of the Boxer uprising, the United States used the indemnity that China was forced to pay to
a. educate Chinese students in the United States.
b. maintain the Open Door policy.
c. establish permanent American military bases in China.
d. assist the Chinese Nationalists in the efforts to overthrow the emperor.
e. support U.S. missionaries in China.

27. The British gave up their opposition to an American-controlled isthmian canal because they
a. sold their rights to Philippe Bunau-Varilla.
b. could see no economic gains in continuing to block canal construction.
c. confronted an unfriendly Europe and were bogged down in the Boer War.
d. were granted some of the economic revenue from the canal by the United States.
e. accepted American domination of Latin America.

28. The United States declared war on Spain even though the Spanish had already agreed to
a. end the reconcentration camps and sign an armistice with the Cuban rebels.
b. accept Cuban independence.
c. transfer Cuba to American possession.
d. apologize for the sinking of the Maine.
e. accept international arbitration of the conflict.

29. In response to the Boxer Rebellion, the United States
a. refused to accept any indemnity for the losses that it incurred while putting down this uprising.
b. withdrew all American missionaries to China and renounced any economic interest in China.
c. sent money but no troops to help a multinational contingent to crush the uprising.
d. became an East Asian power.
e. abandoned its general principles of non-entanglement and noninvolvement in overseas conflict.

30. The end of the Cuban War came after the last substantial Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battle of
a. Havana.
b. Santiago.
c. Guantanamo.
d. Samoa.
e. Manila Bay.

31. President McKinley justified American acquisition of the Philippines primarily by emphasizing that
a. the need to take care of and Christianize the dispossessed, poor, and non-Christian Filipinos.
b. the electoral success of the Republican party depended on their acquisition.
c. the United States would gain key naval bases there.
d. the Philippines were spoils of war and America's by right of conquest.
e. there was no acceptable alternative to their acquisition.

32. The Rough Riders, organized principally by Teddy Roosevelt,
a. experienced no serious military action.
b. were trained in guerrilla warfare.
c. managed to take San Juan Hill unassisted.
d. were an ineffective and incompetent collection of western cowboys, eastern polo players, former
criminals, and other volunteers.
e. were turned into an effective fighting force by Colonel Leonard Wood.

33. The United States gained a perpetual lease on the Panama Canal Zone in the
a. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty.
b. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.
c. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
d. Gentlemen's Agreement.
e. Teller Amendment.

34. President Grover Cleveland rejected the effort to annex Hawaii because
a. he thought the annexation of Hawaii would drain the U.S. Treasury because the island was weak
economically.
b. the United States did not have the naval power to protect the islands against Japanese or German threats.
c. he believed that the native Hawaiians had been wronged and that a majority of Hawaiians opposed
annexation to the United States.
d. passage of the McKinley Tariff made Hawaiian sugar unprofitable.
e. the United States would soon have to establish military bases in Hawaii.

35. The relatively small, but perceived substantial, Japanese immigration into California in the early 1900s led to
a. growing Japanese control of certain key industries like banking and horticulture.
b. growing employment of Japanese men and women in service industries.
c. an appreciation for Japanese arts and culture on the West Coast.
d. growing racial discrimination and fear of a yellow peril.
e. the increasing belief that Japan was plotting to attack the United States.

36. Many Americans became concerned about the increasing foreign intervention in China because they
a. feared that American missions would be jeopardized and Chinese markets closed to non-Europeans.
b. feared the United States would be drawn into a war with Japan over political and economic influence
over China.
c. feared German military domination of China.
d. believed that such intervention undermined Chinese sovereignty.
e. disliked the superior racial attitudes displayed by the Europeans toward the Chinese.

37. The primary diplomatic result of Roosevelt's diplomatic ending of the Russo-Japanese War was that
a. the United States began to ally itself with Russia against Japan.
b. both Japan and Russia became increasingly hostile to the United States.
c. U.S. relations with Japan improved.
d. U.S. relations with Russia improved.
e. China began to seek an alliance with the United States in order to check Japan and Russia.

38. The secret Gentlemen's Agreement that President Theodore Roosevelt worked out with the Japanese in 1907-
1908
a. concluded the Russo-Japanese War.
b. helped him to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
c. caused Japan to halt the flow of laborers to America in return for the repeal of a racist school decree by
the San Francisco School Board.
d. put a stop to the racist yellow journalism being practiced in the United States.
e. None of these choices are correct.

39. The Philippine nationalist who led the insurrection against both Spanish rule and the later United States
occupation was
a. Valeriano Weyler.
b. Emilio Aguinaldo.
c. Dupuy de Lóme.
d. Pasqual de Cervera.
e. Ramon Macapagal.

40. The greatest loss of life for American fighting men during the Spanish-American War resulted from
a. naval battles in the Caribbean.
b. the war in the Philippines.
c. land battles in the Cuban campaign.
d. serious diseases and sickness of American soldiers fighting in Cuba.
e. military suicides by American military servicemen.

41. The Republicans won the 1900 election mainly because of
a. their support of imperialism.
b. the uninspiring campaigning and lack of ambition of Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings
Bryan.
c. their support of freedom abroad.
d. Bryan's lackluster campaign.
e. the prosperity achieved during McKinley's first term.

42. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) American declaration of war on Spain, (B) sinking of
the Maine, (C) passage of the Teller Amendment, and (D) passage of the Platt Amendment.
a. A, B, D, C
b. D, C, B, A
c. B, A, D, C
d. B, A, C, D
e. C, D, A, B

43. As part of the benevolent assimilation program in the Philippines, the United States did all of the following
EXCEPT
a. enhance roads.
b. work to improve sanitation and public health.
c. develop economic ties, especially for trade in sugar.
d. organized, trained, and developed a loyal Philippines army and navy.
e. set up schools and help make English a second language.

44. The Philippine insurrection was finally concluded in 1901 when
a. American troops overwhelmed the Filipino rebels.
b. the islands were given their immediate independence.
c. the Filipino resistance army and the U.S. government negotiated a political settlement that would bring
about Philippine independence.
d. the Filipino resistance army splintered.
e. Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipino leader, was captured.

45. Along with serving as the last reigning queen of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani is also remembered for
a. helping to build tourism to Hawaii.
b. writing songs such as "Aloha 'Oe."
c. establishing the pineapple business on the island.
d. her lavish personal expenditures, particularly for clothes.
e. All of these choices are correct.

46. Teddy Roosevelt's role in the Panamanian Revolution involved
a. using American naval forces to block Colombian troops from crushing the revolt.
b. ordering an economic embargo of Colombia.
c. remaining completely neutral between the Panamanian rebels and Colombia.
d. sending in American ground troops.
e. arming the Panamanian rebels.

47. Construction of an isthmian canal across Central America was motivated mainly by
a. a desire to improve defense by allowing rapid naval movements between two oceans.
b. the Panamanian Revolution.
c. America's growing economic interests in Asia.
d. the British rejection of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.
e. a clash of British and American economic interests in Central America.

48. When they first arrived in the US, Puerto Ricans worked in all of the following positions EXCEPT
a. Arizona cotton fields.
b. New Jersey soup factories.
c. Utah mines.
d. New York garment and cigar factories.
e. Georgia farms.

49. When Filipinos first came to the United States, they worked mainly as
a. chefs.
b. railroad laborers.
c. servants in the navy.
d. industrial laborers.
e. agricultural laborers.

50. At the time, the greatest controversy emerging from the Spanish-American War was over
a. whether the declaration of war against Spain had been justified.
b. whether the Teller Amendment promising Cuban independence was wise.
c. the U.S. insistence on gaining a permanent military base at Guantanamo Bay.
d. the U.S. colonial acquisition of the Philippines.
e. the U.S. colonial acquisition of Puerto Rico.

51. Starting in 1917, many Puerto Ricans came to the mainland United States seeking
a. independence.
b. political refuge.
c. to learn English.
d. citizenship.
e. employment.

52. American imperialists who advocated acquisition of the Philippines especially stressed
a. their strategic advantage for American naval operations.
b. their economic potential for American businessmen seeking trade with China and other Asian nations.
c. the opportunity that they presented for Christian missionary work.
d. the Filipinos' own preference that their archipelago become an American protectorate.
e. All of these choices are correct.

53. American involvement in the affairs of Latin American nations, at the turn of the century, usually stemmed from
a. the need to defend these nations against German or British economic influence and interference with
American plans.
b. the American desire to expand the colonial holdings and expand U.S. economic influence in Latin
America.
c. the fact that they were chronically in debt.
d. the desire to control the flow of Latin American immigrants into the United States.
e. a desire to strengthen Latin American democracy.

54. Members of the Rough Riders consisted of
a. volunteers.
b. cowboys and former polo players.
c. ex-convicts.
d. All of these choices are correct.
e. None of these choices are correct.

55. Americans favored providing aid to the Cuban revolutionaries for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
a. fear that the substantial American investment in Cuban sugar and other businesses would be lost.
b. a belief that Spain's control of Cuba presented a national security threat to the United States.
c. fear that Spanish misrule in Cuba menaced the Gulf of Mexico and the route to the proposed Panama
Canal.
d. sympathy for Cuban patriots fighting for their freedom.
e. the atrocity stories reported in the yellow press of William Randolph Hearst.

56. By acquiring the Philippine Islands at the end of the Spanish-American War, the United States
a. assumed rule over millions of Asian people.
b. became a full-fledged East Asian power.
c. assumed military and political commitments that would be difficult to defend.
d. developed popular support for a big navy.
e. All of these choices are correct.

57. Regarding the presidency, Teddy Roosevelt believed that
a. it was crucial to work cooperatively with Congress on domestic policy issues.
b. the checks and balances among the three branches of government were essential to American
government.
c. the president could take any action not specifically prohibited by the laws and the Constitution.
d. the president should defer to Congress on issues of foreign policy.
e. the president should never appeal to public opinion.

58. Teddy Roosevelt received the Republican vice-presidential nomination in 1900 mainly because
a. his progressivism balanced McKinley's conservatism.
b. New York party bosses wanted him out of the New York governorship.
c. his presence on the ticket would appeal to western voters.
d. the New York party bosses wanted to groom Roosevelt for the presidency.
e. his personal warmth balanced McKinley's aloofness.

59. On the question of whether American laws applied to the overseas territory acquired in the Spanish-American
War, the Supreme Court ruled in the Insular Cases that
a. the American Constitution and laws did not apply to U.S. colonies.
b. the president could determine which U.S. laws applied in U.S. colonies.
c. federal but not state laws applied.
d. a constitutional amendment could not be passed to have American laws applied to U.S. colonies.
e. only the Bill of Rights applied.

60. President William McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain mainly because
a. the business community favored the conflict.
b. American honor and continued respect in the entire world truly demanded it.
c. it became clear that there was no other way to obtain Cuban independence.
d. the Teller Amendment guaranteed that the United States would not establish colonial control of Cuba.
e. the American public and many leading Republicans demanded it.

61. All of the following became possessions of the United States under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris with
Spain EXCEPT
a. Puerto Rico.
b. Guam.
c. the Philippine Islands.
d. Hawaii.
e. Manila.

62. Japan's victories in the early stages of the Russo-Japanese War were especially stunning because
a. it was the first time in many centuries that a non-European nation had defeated a European great power.
b. the United States had provided strong support to Russia before the war.
c. Russia had by far the larger and more sophisticated naval forces.
d. Japan had previously been bogged down in a war in China's Manchuria province.
e. None of these choices are correct.

63. The United States asserted that it had a virtual right of continuing intervention in Cuba in the
a. insular cases.
b. Platt Amendment.
c. Teller Amendment.
d. Foraker Act.
e. Guantanamo Bay Treaty.

64. Before a treaty annexing Hawaii to the United States could be rushed through the U.S. Senate in 1893
a. President Harrison's term expired and the less imperialist Grover Cleveland became President.
b. war broke out between the United States and Great Britain.
c. the white American sugar rebels decided that Hawaii should remain independent.
d. popular opinion in the United States turned against such colonial ventures.
e. the pro-annexation forces demanded that Hawaii be admitted to the Union as a state.

65. Which best explains the arguments behind the Anti-Imperialist League?
a. Imperialism violated the sentiments expressed in the Declaration of Independence.
b. Despotism abroad would fuel despotism at home.
c. Conquering territories of non-white nations would lead to racial intermixing at home.
d. Wars were too costly.
e. All of these choices are correct.

66. The nations that signed U.S. Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door note concerning Chinese rights and fair
competition were
a. China.
b. Russia.
c. Germany.
d. Japan.
e. the United States.

67. The following were arguments made by Americans opposed to the annexation of the Philippines by the U.S.
government EXCEPT

a. annexation would dishonor and destroy American's historic Constitutional commitments to self-
determination and anti-colonialism.

b. the maintenance of despotism abroad could beget despotism at home.
c. imperialism was very costly and unlikely ever to be profitable.
d. annexation would have United States become mired and bogged down in the political and military morass
of East Asia.
e. Filipinos were intellectual, cultural, and political equals of Americans.

68. Which of the following represented effects of the Russo-Japanese War on the United States?
a. A new wave of Japanese immigrants began pouring into the spacious valleys of California.
b. White Californians began assailing the onset of new "yellow peril" represented by new Japanese
immigrants to the state.
c. A major diplomatic row developed between the United States and Japan over the San Francisco school
board ordering the segregation of Japanese students in a special school to free more space for whites.
d. A secret diplomatic agreement in 1907-1908 between the United States and Japan that stopped the flow
of laborers to the U.S. mainland.
e. A brief hostile naval encounter in 1907 between America's Great White Fleet and the Japanese navy in
Tokyo Bay that nearly erupted into a shooting war between the two nations.