What happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?
It goes through fermentation
What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?
It is oxidized to acetyl- CoA (lots of ATP)
What happens to the 2 pyruvate going through fermentation? And what is reformed in the process?
They are reduced into reversible lactate and irreversible ethanol. NAD+ is reformed in the process.
How is NAD+ regenerated under aerobic conditions?
By the mitochondrial electron transfer
NADH with 1/2O2 and H+ ----> NAD+ and H2O
Is ATP directly formed during fermentation? Explain
No ATP is formed during fermentation. However, it oxidized NADH to become NAD+, which goes back to help make ATP during glycolysis.
Just in case...
-Review mech of slide 5
-Review mech in slide 6
Muscles use ATP when they contract. In cases of exercising and there isn't a lot of oxygen, explain the Cori Cycle.
Glucose in the muscles go through glycolysis and become lactate. They travel through the bloodstream into the liver and go through gluconeogenesis, which turns lactate back into glucose. Then throws it back into the blood to start the cycle again.
What bacteria causes cavities and how?
Streptococcus mutans consume the sugar left coating your teeth and produces lactic acid. The acid dissolves your enamel allowing tooth decay.
-Review the glucans capsule later slide 7
What happens during ethanol fermentation?
-Decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde (gets rid of the distinct ketone C=O)
- Reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol, oxidizing NADH to NAD+
-Check slide 8
Which one do humans have?
a) pyruvate decarboxylase
b) alcohol dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Gluconeogenesis can make glucose from_________, __________, _________
Pyruvate (from lactate), Amino acids (carbonskeletons), and Glycerol
Why is gluconeogenesis important?
During fasting or starvation, we need glucose to make ATP