kingdom animalia 1 Flashcards

• Eukaryotic organisms
• Heterotrophic (obtain nutrients by ingestion)
• Store carbohydrates as glycogen
• No cell walls
• Mostly sexual reproduction, but some can reproduce asexually (e.g., budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis)

• Sac Body Plan: Single opening for mouth and anus.
• Tube-in-Tube: Separate openings for mouth and anus in a one-way digestive tract.

• None: No symmetry (e.g., sponges).
• Radial: Organized around a central axis; no clear front/back (e.g., jellyfish).
• Bilateral: Distinct left and right sides (e.g., humans).

• None: No true tissues (sponges only).
• Diploblastic: Two layers (ectoderm and endoderm); tissue level.
• Triploblastic: Three layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm); organ level

• Acoelomate
• Pseudocoelomate
• Coelomate

No body cavity between gut and outer covering.

Body cavity partially lined with mesoderm.

Body cavity fully lined with mesoderm.

• Division into repeated segments that may contain organs/structures

1. Subkingdom Parazoa: Only sponges, lack true tissues.
2. Subkingdom Eumetazoa: All other animals, with true tissues.

• Organization: Cellular level (no true tissues or organs).
• Body Plan: Sac type with one opening.
• Symmetry: Asymmetrical.
• Reproduction: Mostly hermaphroditic; capable of sexual and asexual reproduction (budding or fragmentation).
• Feeding: Filter feeders using specialized cells: choanocytes and amoebocytes

Create water currents with flagella, trap and digest particles.

Transport nutrients, remove wastes, and store food in the mesohyl layer.

Calcium carbonate spicules.

Spongin fibers; most flexible (80% of sponges).

Silica spicules, often glass-like.

• Cnidaria
• Ctenophora
• Platyhelminthes
• rotifera
• Arthropoda
• Nematoda
• Mollusca
• Annelida:

• Tissues: True tissues present.
• Mesoglea: Jelly-like layer between the epidermis and gastrodermis.
• Symmetry: Radial symmetry.
• Nervous System: Non-centralized nerve nets.
• Digestion: Food is brought into a gastrovascular cavity for extracellular digestion; nutrients absorbed via phagocytosis.
• Specialized Cells: Cnidocytes containing nematocysts (stinging cells).
• Body Plan: Sac-like.

hydrozoa

scyphozoa

cubozoa

anthozoa

• Dominant Stage: Polyp.
• Examples: Obelia (colonial organism).
• Reproduction: Medusa stage, if present, used for sexual reproduction. Larvae are called planula.

• Common Name: True jellyfish.
• Dominant Stage: Medusa.

• Common Name: Box jellies, sea wasps.
• Notable Species: Chironex fleckeri (highly venomous).

• Stage: Only polyp stage.
• Includes: Corals and sea anemones.
• Function: Coral skeletons build reefs; some have symbiotic relationships with dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae).

• Common Name: Comb jellies (due to eight comb rows).
• Characteristics:
• Radial symmetry.
• Largest animals using cilia for locomotion.
• Tissue level of organization.

• Blastopore becomes the mouth.
• Determinate cleavage.
• Spiral cleavage.
• Mesoderm arises from splitting of endoderm.
• Coelom arises from splitting of solid mesoderm

• Blastopore becomes the anus.
• Indeterminate cleavage.
• Radial cleavage.
• Mesoderm arises from outpocketings of the endoderm wall.
• Coelom forms as a cavity in a pouch of mesoderm.

• Characteristics:
• Branched gastrovascular cavity.
• Digestion is both intracellular and extracellular.
• No circulatory or respiratory systems.
• Excretion via flame cells in protonephridia.
• Triploblastic (three germ layers) and acoelomate.
• Organ level of organization.
• Body is dorsally flattened.
• Type: Protostome.

Class Turbellaria

Class Trematoda

Class Cestoda

• Includes: Planaria.
• Features:
• Mostly free-living.
• Light-sensitive regions (eyespots).
• Capable of primitive learning.

• Characteristics:
1. All members are parasites, either endoparasitic (internal) or ectoparasitic (external).
2. May have complex life cycles involving multiple hosts

• Characteristics:
1. Head region is called the scolex.
2. Body is composed of repeating packets of reproductive organs called proglottids.
3. Can have two or more hosts.
4. Absorbs nutrients directly across its body surface from the host's digestive tract.

• Characteristics:
1. Cell constant: all members of a species have the same number of cells.
2. Loss of cells is not compensated by mitosis.
3. Possess jaws called trophi for grinding food.
4. Can reproduce via parthenogenesis (development of eggs without fertilization).
5. Multicellular, exhibiting bilateral symmetry and triploblastic organization.

• Characteristics:
1. Have only longitudinal muscles.
2. Can be free-living or parasitic.
3. Found in diverse habitats, including soil, freshwater, marine environments, and inside plants and animals.
4. Hydrostatic skeleton.
5. Examples include Trichinella (from undercooked pork), hookworms, pinworms, and filarial worms (causative agent of elephantiasis).
6. Exhibit bilateral symmetry and triploblastic organization.

• Characteristics:
1. Have a complete digestive tract (one-way system).
2. Possess a simple circulatory system.
3. Triploblastic and bilateral symmetry.
4. Muscle present, with a tube-in-tube body plan.
5. Classification is debated between coelomate and pseudocoelomate, but currently considered coelomate.

• Characteristics:
• Common Features:
1. Mantle: Tissue fold covering the visceral mass.
2. Muscular foot: Used for movement.
3. Visceral mass: Contains internal organs.
4. Radula: A conveyor belt of teeth for feeding.
5. Calcium carbonate shell: Present in some, reduced or absent in others.
• Second largest animal phylum (after Arthropoda), with diverse habitats.
• Most species are separate sexes; some are hermaphrodites (e.g., certain snails).
• Triploblastic and possess all major organ systems.

1. Class Polyplacophora:
2. Class Gastropoda:
3. Class Bivalvia:
4. Class Scaphopoda:
5. Class Cephalopoda:

Common Name: Chitons. Characteristics: Shell segmented; not segmented body.

Includes: Snails, whelks, slugs, nudibranchs.

Characteristics: Mantle vascularized for gas exchange; torsion observed during development.

Includes: Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops.

Characteristics: No radula; filter feeders; shell divided into two halves.

Common Name: Tooth shell (resembling canine teeth).

Includes: Octopi, squid, chambered nautilus, cuttlefish.

• Foot modified into a siphon and tentacles.
• Only mollusks with a closed circulatory system.
• Capable of complex behaviors and learning.

• Characteristics:
1. Each segment contains distinct organs.
2. Has closed circulatory system and hydrostatic skeleton

• Class Oligochaeta (Earthworms)
  Class Polychaeta (Marine Worms)
  Class Hirudinea (Leeches)

• Characteristics:
• Exhibit traits of both Annelida and Arthropoda.

• Characteristics:
1. Largest animal phylum with jointed appendages.
2. Exoskeleton made of chitin.
3. Open circulatory system and hemocoel

• Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
1. All extinct.

Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Chilopoda (Centipedes)

Characteristics:

• Commonly known as millipedes.
• Herbivorous diet.
• Possess two pairs of walking legs per segment.
• Among the earliest land animals.

• Includes diverse groups such as crustaceans and insects.

• Body divided into three regions: head, thorax, and abdomen.
• Mouthparts modified for chewing, sucking, or lapping.
• Typically have three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings (wings are extensions of the cuticle).
• Mostly terrestrial.

• Front legs modified into mandibles.
• Possess one or two pairs of antennae and compound eyes.
• Inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats (rarely found in marine environments).
• Many species evolved during the Cretaceous period alongside flowering plants.
• Mouthparts consist of a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, and a labium (lower lip).
• Legs and wings are attached to the thorax; mating structures are located on the abdomen.
• Use malpighian tubules for excretion.
• Gas exchange occurs through a tracheal system.
• Internal fertilization occurs, with two types of metamorphosis

egg → larva → pupa → adult (e.g., butterfly).

egg → nymph → adult (e.g., grasshopper)

• Coleoptera
• Hymenoptera
• Hemiptera
• Lepidoptera
• Diptera
• Orthoptera
• Siphonaptera
• Isoptera
• Homoptera
• Phasmatodea
• Phtiraptera

Beetles & weevils

Wasps, bees, hornets

True bugs, assassin bugs, bed bugs

Butterflies & moths

True flies & mosquitoes

Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids

Fleas

Termites

Cicadas & aphids

Walking sticks

Human body louse

Characteristics:

• Includes crabs, shrimp, crayfish, krill, sow bugs, pill bugs, barnacles, and lobsters.
• Body composed of two or three parts.
• Crustaceans are the only arthropods with two pairs of antennae.
• Mouthparts are adapted for chewing.
• Typically have three or more pairs of legs.
• Mostly found in marine and freshwater environments; some are terrestrial.
• Have appendages on the abdomen, unlike insects.