Theory
Logically interrelated set of concepts and propositions, organized into a deductive system, which explains relationships among aspects of our world.
Proposition
A statement or assertion that expresses a judgment or opinion.
Model
Visual representation of the relationships between concepts.
Paradigm
A way of seeing the world.
Four Faces of Therapuetic Intervention
-Psychodynamic
-Behavioral
Humanistic
-Transedental/Spiritual
Perspective
An emphasis or a view
"The overarching umbrella of theory".
Eclectic Approach
Approach that draws from many theories, including complementary, compteting, or even contradictory theories, depending on the situation and client need.
Dimension
A feature that can be focused on separately but that cannot be understood without aso considering its embeddedness other features.
3 Dimensions of the Multidimensional Approach
-Dimension of Person
-Dimension of Enviornment
-Dimension of Time
Biopsychoocial-Cultural Spiritual Approach
Human behavior is considered to be the result of interactions of integrated biological, psychological, and social systems.
*Essentially the Multidimensional Approach*
Personal Dimensions
-The Biological Person
-The Psychological Person
-The Spiritual Person
Enviornmental Dimensions
-The Physical Enviornment
-Culture
-Social Structure
-Social Institutions
-Formal Organizations
-Communities
-Social Movements
-Small Groups
-Families
-Dyads
Time Dimensions
-Linear Time
-Historic Era
-Chronological Age
The Biological Person
The body's chemical, cell, organ, and physiological systems.
*Within Dimension of Person
Ex: Nervous System, Immune System, Cardiovascular System, Reproductive System
The Psychological Person
The mind and mental processes.
*Within Dimension of Person
Ex: Cognitions, Emotion, Self
The Spiritual Person
The aspect of a person hat searches for meaning and purpose in life.
*Within Dimension of Person
Ex: Themes of Morality, Ethics, Creativity, Mystical States, Meditation, Interconnectedness, Justice, and Contemplation
The Physical Enviornment
The ntural and human-built material aspects the world around us.
*Within Dimension of Enviornment
Ex: Water, Sun, Trees, Buildings
Culture
A set of common understandings, evident in both behavior and material artificats.
*Within Dimension of Enviornment
Ex: Beliefs, Customs, Traditions, Values
Social Structure
A set of interrelated social institutions developed by humans to impose constraints on human interaction for the purpose of the survival and well being of the collective.
*Within the Dimension of Enviornment
Ex: Social Class
Social Institutions
Patterned ways of organizing social relations in a particular sector of social life.
*Within the Dimension of Enviornment
Ex: Government, Economy, Education, Healthcare, Social Welfare, Religion, Mass Media, and Family
Formal Organizaitons
Collectivities of people with a high degree of formality of structure, working together to meet a goal/goals
*Within the Dimension of Enviornment
Ex: Civic and Social Service Organizations, Business Organizations, Professional Associations
Communities
People bound together by geography or by network links sharing common ties and interacting.
*Within the Dimension of Enviornment
Ex:
Territorial: Neighborhoods
Relational: Soccer League, Faith, Disability
Social Movements
Large scale collective actions to make change or resist change in specific social institutions.
*Within the Dimension of Enviornment
Ex: Civil Rights, Poor People Disability, Gay Rights
Small Groups
Collections of people who interac with each other, perceive themselves as belonging to a group, are interdependent, join together to accomplish a goal, fulfill a need through joint association, or are influenced by a set of rules and norms.
*With the Dimension of Enviornment
Ex: Friends, Self-Help Groups, Therapy Groups, Committees
Families
A social group of two or more persons, characterized by ongoing interdependence with long-term commitments that stem from blood, law, or affection.
*Within the Dimension of Enviornment
Ex: Nuclear Structure, Extended Structure, Chosen Structure
Dyads
Two persons bound together in some way.
*Within the Dimension of Enviornment
Ex: Parent and Child, Romantic Couple, Social Worker and Client
Linear Time
Time in a straight line
*Within the Dimension of Time
Ex: Past, Present, Future
Historic Era
A discrete block of time in human history.
*Within the Dimension of Time
Ex: Progressive Era, Great Depression
Chronological Age
Age of a person measured in years, months, and days from birth; May also be described in terms of a stage of the human life course.
*Within the Dimension of Time
Ex: Six Months Old (Infancy), 15 Years Old (Adolescence), 80 Years Old (Late Adulthood)
3 Areas of Human Problems
-Life Transitions
-Unresponsiveness of Social/Physical Enviornment
-Communication and relationship difficulties
Ecological Perspective
Conceptual framework that examines how people interact with their enviornments.
-Urie Branfenbrenner
Urie Branfenbrenner's Five Interdependent Categories of the Ecological Perspective
-Microsystems
-Mesosystems
-Exosystems
-Macrosystems
-Chronosystems
Microsystems
Systems that value direct face-to-face contact between members in his/her immediate surroundings.
Ex: Parents, Friends, Teachers, Roommate, Rabi
Mesosystems
Networks of microsystems of a given person (connections)
Ex:Relationships
Parents ---> School System
Parents ---> Work
Family ---> Church
Exosystems
The linkages between microsystems and larger institutions that affect the system. (Indirect Enviornment)
Ex: Healthcare Industry, Child Welfare System Employment Market, School Board
Macrosystems
The broader influences of culture, subculture, and social structure. (Social/Cultural Values)
Ex: Race, Gender, Class
Chronosystems
Importance of time in person-enviornment transactions (Changes over time)
Ex:
-When you become a parent
-When you get married
-When you grew up
6th Potential System Level (Bronfenbrenner)
Physical Enviornment
Ecological Thinking
Focuses on the reciprocity of person-enviornment exchanges, in which each shapes and influences the other over time.
3 Types of Person-Enviornment Exchanges
-Positive (Adaptive) Support Groups
-Negative (Maladaptive) Crime Neighborhoods
-Nuetral
Dysfunctional Exchanges
Person-Enviornment exchanges thatm ake it harder for a client to adapt to their enviornement.
Systems Perspective
Sees human ehavior as the outcome of reciprocal interactions of persons operating within linked social systems.
Eco-Map Tool
Tool used to gather information, develop rapport, and give client a visual of their situation.
Key:
Solid Line= Strong Relationship
Dashed Line= Tenous Relationship (Neutral)
Slashed Line= Stressful Relationship
No Line= No relationship (yet)
Arrows = Shows direction of energy
Dynamical Systems Theory (Nonlinear Dynamics)
Collective Theory consisting of Chaos Theory and Complexity Theory
Chaos Theory
Emphasizes the dynamic interactions within, between, and among systems that produce change, sometimes even rapid, dramatic change.
Butterfly Effect
Small differences in initial conditions can yield widely diverging outcomes for such dynamical ystems, rendering long-term prediction impossible
Deep Ecology
An enviornmental movement and philosphy that regards human life as just one of many equal components of a global ecosystem
Arne Noess
Ecocentric
Concerned with Earth
Anthropocentric
Concerned with Humans
Biodynamic Agriculture
Treats farms as unified organisms and emphasizes the relationship of soil, plants, and animals.
Social Exchange Theory
Sees interaction in which resources are exchanged as the core process in social life.
George Homans
Comparison Level
A standard for evaluating the rewards and costs of a given relationship based on what the evaluator expects from the relationship.
*One's values, standards, expectations, and alternatives influence the assessment of rewards and costs.
Comparison Level Alternative
The lowest level of otcomes a person will accept in light of alternative opportunities.
Global Perspective
To have a growing awareness of the diversity of ideas and cultural practices found in human societies around the world.
Cultural Context
Provides another layer of understanding of an individuals behaviors and perceptions.
Globalization
A process by which the world's people are becoming more interconnected economically, politically, enviornmentally, and culturally.
Social Pollution
An attempt to subjugate voices and make certain populations powerless.
(German and Gitterman)
The abuse o economic nad political power creates and maintains social pollution. Which leads to...
-Poor schools
-Chronic uneployment
-Lack of affordable housing
-Homelessness
-Inadequate Health Care
-Inadequate Wages
Physical Pollution
When dominant groups create technological pollution endangering health and well being. Refers to private corporations and governmental agencies polluting our air, food, and soil.
The Conflict Perspective
Draws attention to conflict, dominance, and oppression in a social life.
Pluralistic Approach
Recognizes that more than one social conflict is going on at all times.
Social Locations
Where we fit in a system of social identites.
Ex:
-Ethnicity
-Religion
-Race
-Age
-Social Class
-Gender
-Sexual Orientation
-Ability/Disability
-Geographical Location
-Language
2 Practice-Oriented Empowerment Theories
-Strengths Perspective
-Feminist Theories
*These theories empower individuals to create change within themselves and in the broader society to improve their situation and well being.
Strengths Perspective
Discourages "Pathlogizing" and focuses on fostering strengths. Helps individuals gain a different perspective about their situation, and develop a new story to enhance their wellbeing.
Feminist Theories
Focus on a vision of a just world based on gender equity. Emphasizes that people are socialized to see themselves through the eyes of powerful actors.
Core Competency 1
Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior
Core Competency 2
Engage Diversity and Difference in Practice
Core Competency 3
Advance Human Rights and Social, Economic, and Enviornmental Justice
Core Competency 4
Engage in Practice-informed Research and Research-informed Practice
Core Competency 5
Engage in Policy Practice
Core Competency 6
Engage with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities
Core Competency 7
Assess Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities
Core Competency 8
Intervene with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities
Core Competency 9
Evaluate Practice with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities.