Olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate
Olfactory nerve I
Optic canal
Optic nerve II
Superior orbital fissure
Oculomotor nerve III, torchlear nerve IV, trigeminal nerve V, and abducens nerve VI
Foramen Rotundum
Trigeminal nerve V
Foramen ovale
Trigeminal nerve V
Foramen lacerum
no structure passes through because it is covered by a membrane in adults
Foramen spinosum
middle meningeal artery
Carotid canal
internal carotid artery
Internal auditory meatus
Facial nerve VII, vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
Jugular foramen
internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve IX, vagus nerve X, and spinal accessory nerve XI
Hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve XII
Supraorbital foramen
Supraorbital artery and nerve
Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic nerve and blood vessels
Infraorbital foramen
Infraorbital nerve
Mental foramen
Blood vessels and trigeminal nerve V
Foramen magnum
spinal cord
Stylomastoid foramen
Facial nerve VII
Mandibular foramen
Alveolar nerve
Transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae
Vertebral arteries
Costal groove
Neurovascular bundle